{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125546619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","title":"Multiclass emotion prediction using heart rate and virtual reality stimuli","display_name":"Multiclass emotion prediction using heart rate and virtual reality stimuli","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125546619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","mag":"3125546619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065047307","display_name":"Aaron Frederick Bulagang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Frederick Bulagang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020103786","display_name":"James Mountstephens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-3949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Mountstephens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057024603","display_name":"Jason Teo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-5915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason Teo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-5915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057024603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"],"apc_list":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"apc_paid":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"fwci":6.3722,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96951439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.851181149482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7359875440597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6942799687385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6846854090690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headset","display_name":"Headset","score":0.6082853078842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5157959461212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.505898654460907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.479927122592926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.4503907859325409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42638829350471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.4166012406349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.413627952337265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33298367261886597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.851181149482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7359875440597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6942799687385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6846854090690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.6082853078842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5157959461212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.505898654460907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.479927122592926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4503907859325409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42638829350471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.4166012406349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.413627952337265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33298367261886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ums.edu.my:26840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.ums.edu.my/26840/2/Multiclass%20emotion%20prediction%20using%20heart.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400331","display_name":"UMS Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","host_organization_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ums.edu.my:26871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.ums.edu.my/26871/1/Multiclass%20emotion%20prediction%20using%20heart%20rate%20and%20virtual%20reality%20stimuli.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400331","display_name":"UMS Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","host_organization_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c3b79557540429a93cae6d338849725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c3b79557540429a93cae6d338849725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-020-00401-x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6285678730","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS0512-1/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125546619.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125546619.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002055708","https://openalex.org/W2022123481","https://openalex.org/W2402244642","https://openalex.org/W2625929003","https://openalex.org/W2736746591","https://openalex.org/W2768696038","https://openalex.org/W2784013407","https://openalex.org/W2807819179","https://openalex.org/W2947155785","https://openalex.org/W3004330901","https://openalex.org/W6804050168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549567669","https://openalex.org/W2323345712","https://openalex.org/W104838418","https://openalex.org/W4294974825","https://openalex.org/W3173825713","https://openalex.org/W4224238571","https://openalex.org/W3027547044","https://openalex.org/W2562843170","https://openalex.org/W4302759797","https://openalex.org/W2810611354"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Emotion":[2],"prediction":[3,32,190],"is":[4,22],"a":[5,78,101,183,197],"method":[6],"that":[7],"recognizes":[8],"the":[9,14,23,31,35,72,92,98,105,112,117,125,131,150,171],"human":[10],"emotion":[11,54,73,189,194],"derived":[12],"from":[13,75],"subject\u2019s":[15],"psychological":[16],"data.":[17],"The":[18,168,201],"problem":[19],"in":[20,53,77,188,191,196],"question":[21],"limited":[24],"use":[25,36],"of":[26,37,173],"heart":[27,134],"rate":[28],"(HR)":[29],"as":[30,41,104,149,182],"feature":[33,184],"through":[34],"common":[38],"classifiers":[39,142,178],"such":[40],"Support":[42],"Vector":[43],"Machine":[44],"(SVM),":[45],"K-Nearest":[46],"Neighbor":[47],"(KNN)":[48],"and":[49,116,129,145,163,176,209],"Random":[50],"Forest":[51],"(RF)":[52],"prediction.":[55],"This":[56],"paper":[57],"aims":[58],"to":[59,67,96,110,127,179,185],"investigate":[60],"whether":[61],"HR":[62,181],"signals":[63],"can":[64],"be":[65,186],"utilized":[66],"classify":[68,180],"four-class":[69],"emotions":[70],"using":[71,83,91],"model":[74],"Russell\u2019s":[76],"virtual":[79,198],"reality":[80,199],"(VR)":[81],"environment":[82],"machine":[84],"learning.":[85],"Method":[86],"An":[87],"experiment":[88,126],"was":[89,122],"conducted":[90],"Empatica":[93,118],"E4":[94,119],"wristband":[95],"acquire":[97],"participant\u2019s":[99],"HR,":[100],"VR":[102,210],"headset":[103],"display":[106],"device":[107],"for":[108,158,161,165],"participants":[109],"view":[111],"360\u00b0":[113],"emotional":[114],"videos,":[115],"real-time":[120],"application":[121],"used":[123,187],"during":[124],"extract":[128],"process":[130],"participant's":[132],"recorded":[133],"rate.":[135],"Findings":[136],"For":[137],"intra-subject":[138],"classification,":[139],"all":[140],"three":[141],"SVM,":[143,159,174],"KNN,":[144],"RF":[146,177],"achieved":[147,156],"100%":[148],"highest":[151],"accuracy":[152],"while":[153],"inter-subject":[154],"classification":[155],"46.7%":[157],"42.9%":[160],"KNN":[162,175],"43.3%":[164],"RF.":[166],"Conclusion":[167],"results":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"potential":[172,202],"four":[192],"distinct":[193],"classes":[195],"environment.":[200],"applications":[203],"include":[204],"interactive":[205],"gaming,":[206],"affective":[207],"entertainment,":[208],"health":[211],"rehabilitation.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
