{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770410437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","title":"Understanding deep learning via backtracking and deconvolution","display_name":"Understanding deep learning via backtracking and deconvolution","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770410437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","mag":"2770410437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101595779","display_name":"Xing Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8574-9149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47301684","display_name":"Illinois State University","ror":"https://ror.org/050kcr883","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47301684"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xing Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA","School of Information Technology, Illinois State University, Normal, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8574-9149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47301684"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Illinois State University, Normal, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47301684"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101595779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47301684"],"apc_list":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"apc_paid":{"value":1060,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1300},"fwci":0.4618,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73993585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8420698642730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backtracking","display_name":"Backtracking","score":0.776648759841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7666956186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6867363452911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6454752683639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5656169652938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5409042239189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5172839164733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5163847208023071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.45921847224235535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4110977053642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33242911100387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18124708533287048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8420698642730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156884757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798554","display_name":"Backtracking","level":2,"score":0.776648759841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7666956186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6867363452911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6454752683639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5656169652938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5409042239189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5172839164733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5163847208023071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.45921847224235535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4110977053642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33242911100387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18124708533287048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8bf68546be984ef5addce65e54df7131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8bf68546be984ef5addce65e54df7131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","pdf_url":"https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40537-017-0101-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737955091","display_name":"Journal Of Big Data","issn_l":"2196-1115","issn":["2196-1115"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2770410437.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2770410437.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1745334888","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2150283722","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2293078015","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2304648132","https://openalex.org/W2418353659","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2950344723","https://openalex.org/W2952186574","https://openalex.org/W6679436768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2760348722","https://openalex.org/W2783885583","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"are":[3,58,95],"widely":[4],"adopted":[5],"for":[6,85,97,102],"solving":[7],"problems":[8],"in":[9,30,41],"image":[10],"classification.":[11,117],"In":[12],"this":[13],"work,":[14],"we":[15,36],"aim":[16],"to":[17,43,60,67],"gain":[18],"a":[19],"better":[20],"understanding":[21],"of":[22,53,79,91,100,108,116],"deep":[23],"learning":[24],"through":[25],"exploring":[26],"the":[27,38,46,50,62,68,72,80,86,89,92,98,103,106,109,114],"miss-classified":[28],"cases":[29],"facial":[31,63,87],"and":[32],"emotion":[33,104],"recognitions.":[34],"Particularly,":[35],"propose":[37],"backtracking":[39],"algorithm":[40],"order":[42],"track":[44],"down":[45],"activated":[47,81],"pixels":[48,82,94,111],"among":[49],"last":[51],"layer":[52],"feature":[54,73],"maps.":[55],"We":[56],"then":[57],"able":[59],"visualize":[61],"features":[64],"that":[65,84],"lead":[66],"miss-classifications,":[69],"by":[70],"applying":[71],"tracking":[74],"algorithm.":[75],"A":[76],"comparative":[77],"analysis":[78],"reveals":[83],"recognition,":[88,105],"activations":[90,107],"common":[93],"decisive":[96],"result":[99,115],"classification;":[101],"unique":[110],"indeed":[112],"determine":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
