{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161739226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w","title":"A hybrid intrusion detection method based on multi-convolutional neural networks fusion and grey wolf optimizer","display_name":"A hybrid intrusion detection method based on multi-convolutional neural networks fusion and grey wolf optimizer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161739226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136468780","display_name":"Mohammad Zavvar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086811","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Sari Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/0032wgp28","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210086811"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Zavvar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran","Department of Computer Engineering, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086811"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015604457","display_name":"Keyvan Karamnejadi Azar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167694869","display_name":"Bu-Ali Sina University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ka8rx28","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyvan Karamnejadi Azar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167694869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135463423","display_name":"Mahmoudreza Entezami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoudreza Entezami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Software Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Software Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136480139","display_name":"Masoumeh Asgharighajari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoumeh Asgharighajari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136491314","display_name":"Armin Zakarian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Zakarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099582902","display_name":"Alireza Golkarieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Golkarieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025767582","display_name":"Ali Akbar Kiaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-4011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Akbar Kiaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136460741","display_name":"Arash Heidari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23946033","display_name":"University of Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf56z40","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}],"countries":["IR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arash Heidari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1439957131, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1439957131, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23946033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136504901","display_name":"Nima Jafari Navimipour","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293555014","display_name":"Islamic Azad University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/04hnf9a51","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I1293555014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132286405","display_name":"Kadir Has University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzckc47","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132286405"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130874397","display_name":"Western Caspian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cgtjz78","country_code":"AZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130874397"]}],"countries":["AZ","IR","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Jafari Navimipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey","Industrial Nanotechnology Research Center, Ta.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran","Research Center of High Technologies and Innovative Engineering, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132286405"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Nanotechnology Research Center, Ta.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293555014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of High Technologies and Innovative Engineering, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130874397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136468780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086811"],"apc_list":{"value":1490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1490},"apc_paid":{"value":1490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1490},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61297241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.43389999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.43389999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.08799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.04430000111460686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.3982999920845032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5604000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45704a3976f5496c8884bd0299ab3536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45704a3976f5496c8884bd0299ab3536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications, Vol 15, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13677-026-00866-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486819371","display_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications","issn_l":"2192-113X","issn":["2192-113X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161739226.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161739226.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2791551166","https://openalex.org/W2890474333","https://openalex.org/W2958489519","https://openalex.org/W2998722477","https://openalex.org/W3014732532","https://openalex.org/W3092688604","https://openalex.org/W3097056170","https://openalex.org/W3097529860","https://openalex.org/W3134260321","https://openalex.org/W3186193488","https://openalex.org/W3198511875","https://openalex.org/W3205027048","https://openalex.org/W4205864503","https://openalex.org/W4210517283","https://openalex.org/W4210895438","https://openalex.org/W4220793735","https://openalex.org/W4226410181","https://openalex.org/W4293176456","https://openalex.org/W4295852018","https://openalex.org/W4307139532","https://openalex.org/W4307955810","https://openalex.org/W4364376065","https://openalex.org/W4365816927","https://openalex.org/W4386432038","https://openalex.org/W4389299287","https://openalex.org/W4390032896","https://openalex.org/W4390499810","https://openalex.org/W4390639155","https://openalex.org/W4392103307","https://openalex.org/W4392377478","https://openalex.org/W4392845433","https://openalex.org/W4393935428","https://openalex.org/W4400007867","https://openalex.org/W4402223817","https://openalex.org/W4403660037","https://openalex.org/W4405279058","https://openalex.org/W4407128202","https://openalex.org/W4407184757","https://openalex.org/W4407939342","https://openalex.org/W4408016787","https://openalex.org/W4408941305","https://openalex.org/W4409450607","https://openalex.org/W4410226682"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"security":[1],"is":[2,51,55,91,113,253],"one":[3],"of":[4,8,62,88,121,189,216,220,224,229,262],"the":[5,60,72,77,85,130,135,154,160,167,174,194,204,210,234,246,250,260,266],"main":[6],"concerns":[7],"everyday":[9],"communication":[10],"via":[11],"computer":[12,24],"networks,":[13],"and":[14,34,53,124,134,202,226,243,259],"intrusion":[15],"detection":[16,49],"systems":[17],"play":[18],"a":[19,47,98,118,138,150,218,222],"considerable":[20],"role":[21],"in":[22,255,271],"guarding":[23],"networks":[25],"against":[26],"cyber":[27],"threats.":[28],"Given":[29],"that":[30,101,209,249],"Machine":[31],"Learning":[32,36],"(ML)":[33],"Deep":[35],"(DL)":[37],"approaches":[38,66],"are":[39,237],"fundamental":[40],"to":[41,92,115,172,185,199],"Intrusion":[42],"Detection":[43],"Systems":[44],"(IDSs),":[45],"creating":[46],"precise":[48],"mechanism":[50],"complex,":[52],"there":[54],"still":[56],"room":[57],"for":[58,233,268],"enhancing":[59],"performance":[61],"multi-class":[63],"IDSs.":[64],"Conventional":[65],"usually":[67],"feed":[68],"feature":[69],"vectors":[70],"into":[71,143,149],"model,":[73],"collectively":[74],"analyzing":[75],"all":[76],"features,":[78],"potentially":[79],"making":[80],"IDSs":[81],"more":[82],"complex.":[83],"Hence,":[84,245],"primary":[86],"objective":[87],"this":[89,110,192,272],"paper":[90],"develop":[93],"an":[94,126,214,227],"IDS":[95],"by":[96],"employing":[97],"fusion-based":[99,162],"technique":[100],"utilizes":[102],"multiple":[103],"Convolutional":[104],"Neural":[105],"Networks":[106],"(CNNs).":[107],"To":[108],"achieve":[109],"objective,":[111],"it":[112],"imperative":[114],"carefully":[116],"choose":[117],"suitable":[119],"mix":[120],"input":[122],"features":[123,136,157],"ascertain":[125],"adequate":[127],"topology.":[128],"Initially,":[129],"hyperparameters":[131],"were":[132,141,164],"fine-tuned,":[133],"within":[137],"unit":[139],"window":[140],"grouped":[142],"clusters,":[144],"with":[145],"each":[146],"cluster":[147],"inputting":[148],"CNN":[151],"model.":[152,205],"During":[153],"subsequent":[155],"phase,":[156],"derived":[158],"from":[159],"multi-CNN":[161,263],"method":[163],"fine-tuned":[165],"using":[166],"Grey":[168],"Wolf":[169],"Optimizer":[170],"(GWO)":[171],"produce":[173],"most":[175],"favorable":[176],"results.":[177],"Ultimately,":[178],"Gaussian":[179],"Naive":[180],"Bayes":[181],"(GNB)":[182],"was":[183,197],"used":[184],"categorize":[186],"various":[187],"forms":[188],"attack.":[190],"In":[191],"article,":[193],"NSL-KDD":[195],"dataset":[196,212,236],"utilized":[198],"both":[200],"train":[201],"test":[203],"The":[206,231],"findings":[207,247],"demonstrate":[208],"KDDTest+":[211],"achieved":[213],"accuracy":[215],"89.51%,":[217],"precision":[219],"81.56%,":[221],"recall":[223],"84.67%,":[225],"F1-score":[228],"82.74%.":[230],"metrics":[232],"KDDTest-21":[235],"as":[238],"follows:":[239],"80.4,":[240],"71.92,":[241],"81.39,":[242],"72.12.":[244],"indicate":[248],"MCNN-GWO-GNB":[251],"model":[252],"proficient":[254],"identifying":[256],"network":[257],"intrusions,":[258],"architecture":[261],"fusion":[264],"has":[265],"potential":[267],"further":[269],"investigation":[270],"domain.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-05-20T00:00:00"}
