{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406612326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","title":"Assessing bias and computational efficiency in vision transformers using early exits","display_name":"Assessing bias and computational efficiency in vision transformers using early exits","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406612326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","pdf_url":"https://jivp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153767265","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing","issn_l":"1687-5176","issn":["1687-5176","1687-5281"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jivp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026620789","display_name":"Seth Nixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0029-2319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seth Nixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0029-2319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076411617","display_name":"Pietro Ruiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-3363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Ruiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012803910","display_name":"Marinella Cadoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-7797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marinella Cadoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084817805","display_name":"Andrea Lagorio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9113-6103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Lagorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064744996","display_name":"M\u00e1ssimo Tistarelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3406-3048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Tistarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026620789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"],"apc_list":{"value":1665,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1665},"apc_paid":{"value":1665,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1665},"fwci":0.5458,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58444825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7826314568519592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5938547253608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.520075261592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4585428535938263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.44058066606521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43842241168022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20509713888168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06134888529777527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7826314568519592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5938547253608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.520075261592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4585428535938263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.44058066606521606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43842241168022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20509713888168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06134888529777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","pdf_url":"https://jivp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153767265","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing","issn_l":"1687-5176","issn":["1687-5176","1687-5281"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ddf28052d0ed4730afca58860eba94ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ddf28052d0ed4730afca58860eba94ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, Vol 2025, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","pdf_url":"https://jivp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13640-024-00658-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153767265","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing","issn_l":"1687-5176","issn":["1687-5176","1687-5281"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4508289328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406612326.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406612326.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533303231","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2059265105","https://openalex.org/W2072313242","https://openalex.org/W2084652052","https://openalex.org/W2095580272","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2145085734","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2804935296","https://openalex.org/W2809251854","https://openalex.org/W2899061025","https://openalex.org/W2941039078","https://openalex.org/W2957285709","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963361348","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W3024979215","https://openalex.org/W3120485916","https://openalex.org/W3160949036","https://openalex.org/W3187487833","https://openalex.org/W4205538216","https://openalex.org/W4206718823","https://openalex.org/W4250928742","https://openalex.org/W4309918527","https://openalex.org/W4386083096","https://openalex.org/W4389777349","https://openalex.org/W4389777432","https://openalex.org/W6604190760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"recognition":[1,125,165],"with":[2,168,175,201],"deep":[3],"learning":[4,82,98],"is":[5,65,83,89],"generally":[6],"approached":[7],"as":[8,35,99],"a":[9,84,103,161,169,176,181,206,213],"problem":[10],"of":[11,54,61,71,80,96,113,133,143,209],"capacity.":[12],"The":[13,29,77],"field":[14],"has":[15],"seen":[16],"progressively":[17],"deeper,":[18],"more":[19,24,104],"complex":[20],"models":[21,73,122],"or":[22],"larger,":[23],"highly":[25],"variant":[26],"data":[27,30,216],"sets.":[28],"sets":[31],"can":[32,187],"be":[33,188],"problematic,":[34],"they":[36],"are":[37,126,230],"often":[38,50],"scraped":[39],"indiscriminately":[40],"from":[41],"the":[42,62,69,72,93,130,134,141,144,202,233],"internet.":[43],"This":[44],"results":[45],"in":[46,68,179,184],"an":[47,138],"uncertain,":[48],"and":[49,58,118,148,166,172,227],"heavily":[51,224],"unbalanced":[52],"distribution":[53],"race,":[55],"gender,":[56],"age":[57],"other":[59,119],"aspects":[60],"subjects,":[63],"which":[64],"then":[66],"manifested":[67],"decisions":[70],"trained":[74],"on":[75,212],"them.":[76],"carbon":[78],"footprint":[79],"machine":[81,97],"concern.":[85],"A":[86],"real":[87],"push":[88],"developing":[90],"to":[91,110,129],"reduce":[92],"energy":[94],"consumption":[95],"we":[100,194],"strive":[101],"for":[102,123,151,163],"eco-friendly":[105],"society.":[106],"In":[107],"addition,":[108],"due":[109],"many":[111],"instances":[112],"misuse":[114],"by":[115],"law":[116],"enforcement":[117],"agencies,":[120],"unbiased":[121],"face":[124,164],"now":[127],"fundamental":[128],"practical":[131],"application":[132],"field.":[135],"We":[136,159,218],"present":[137],"approach":[139],"using":[140,190],"state":[142],"art":[145],"Vision":[146],"Transformer":[147],"Early":[149],"Exits":[150,199],"reducing":[152],"compute":[153,185],"budget":[154],"without":[155],"significantly":[156],"affecting":[157],"performance.":[158],"develop":[160],"system":[162],"identification":[167],"closed-set":[170],"gallery":[171],"show":[173,219],"that":[174,220],"small":[177],"reduction":[178,183],"performance,":[180],"reasonable":[182],"cost":[186],"obtained":[189],"our":[191],"method.":[192],"Second,":[193],"investigate":[195],"how":[196],"these":[197,228],"early":[198],"interact":[200],"bias":[203],"model":[204],"through":[205],"robust":[207],"evaluation":[208],"matching":[210,221],"scores":[211,222],"racially":[214],"balanced":[215],"set.":[217],"vary":[223],"between":[225],"cohorts,":[226],"variations":[229],"magnified":[231],"at":[232],"earlier":[234],"exits.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
