{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126698296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","title":"Intrusion detection in internet of things using supervised machine learning based on application and transport layer features using UNSW-NB15 data-set","display_name":"Intrusion detection in internet of things using supervised machine learning based on application and transport layer features using UNSW-NB15 data-set","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126698296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","mag":"3126698296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051550533","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7670-0543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002417888","display_name":"Qaiser Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3722-4764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qaiser Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101455948","display_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-1365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-1365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023779204","display_name":"Hasan Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-0721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042992225","display_name":"Syed Ali Haider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3582-2971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61032284","display_name":"SUNY Fredonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs0r17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61032284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ali Haider","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York at Fredonia, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Fredonia, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61032284"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103648416","display_name":"Muhammad Safeer Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9508535","display_name":"Arkansas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bahkk91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9508535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Safeer Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9508535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"apc_paid":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"fwci":15.7129,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":136,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99371223,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8932931423187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.6668758988380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5498200058937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5227273106575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5182478427886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5131067037582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-queue","display_name":"Message queue","score":0.4760720133781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-layer","display_name":"Transport layer","score":0.43918588757514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.43835875391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4257271885871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4195139408111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4136952757835388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.41354191303253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4015846848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3425934612751007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.29665666818618774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.17941692471504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09273067116737366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8932931423187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.6668758988380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5498200058937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5227273106575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5182478427886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5131067037582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26324664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065525","display_name":"Message queue","level":2,"score":0.4760720133781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7345512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209372","display_name":"Transport layer","level":3,"score":0.43918588757514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.43835875391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4257271885871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4195139408111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4136952757835388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.41354191303253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4015846848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3425934612751007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.29665666818618774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.17941692471504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09273067116737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:722d897e80c24a2fa2c1326d4d176a9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/722d897e80c24a2fa2c1326d4d176a9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol 2021, Iss 1, Pp 1-23 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13638-021-01893-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126698296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126698296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80917968","https://openalex.org/W111228695","https://openalex.org/W162146437","https://openalex.org/W1516506771","https://openalex.org/W1811853421","https://openalex.org/W2000052253","https://openalex.org/W2007178635","https://openalex.org/W2016258134","https://openalex.org/W2034265047","https://openalex.org/W2085305295","https://openalex.org/W2095979141","https://openalex.org/W2100537916","https://openalex.org/W2129468158","https://openalex.org/W2134641333","https://openalex.org/W2150755264","https://openalex.org/W2262045390","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2399941526","https://openalex.org/W2570296101","https://openalex.org/W2586277768","https://openalex.org/W2743483681","https://openalex.org/W2782735691","https://openalex.org/W2789305555","https://openalex.org/W2802348331","https://openalex.org/W2853755454","https://openalex.org/W2885070483","https://openalex.org/W2892556724","https://openalex.org/W2903452648","https://openalex.org/W2911264084","https://openalex.org/W2919143607","https://openalex.org/W2963683434","https://openalex.org/W2966972068","https://openalex.org/W2999537246","https://openalex.org/W3123463689","https://openalex.org/W4294698847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808909086","https://openalex.org/W2594893198","https://openalex.org/W2920851310","https://openalex.org/W2782567402","https://openalex.org/W3191127435","https://openalex.org/W4392109326","https://openalex.org/W4214846370","https://openalex.org/W4379141734","https://openalex.org/W4296712975","https://openalex.org/W2953647658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,16,26,51,82,106,142,159],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"devices":[5,41],"are":[6,42],"well-connected;":[7],"they":[8],"generate":[9],"and":[10,19,45,64,89,108,127,140,146,157,172,189],"consume":[11],"data":[12,17,28],"which":[13],"involves":[14],"transmission":[15],"back":[18],"forth":[20],"among":[21],"various":[22],"devices.":[23],"Ensuring":[24],"security":[25],"the":[27,70,73,111,132,182],"is":[29,37,59],"a":[30,49,54],"critical":[31],"challenge":[32],"as":[33,35,194],"far":[34],"IoT":[36,40],"concerned.":[38],"Since":[39],"inherently":[43],"low-power":[44],"do":[46],"not":[47],"require":[48],"lot":[50],"compute":[52],"power,":[53],"Network":[55],"Intrusion":[56],"Detection":[57],"System":[58],"typically":[60],"employed":[61],"to":[62,196],"detect":[63],"remove":[65],"malicious":[66],"packets":[67],"from":[68,175],"entering":[69],"network.":[71],"In":[72,149],"same":[74],"context,":[75],"we":[76,153,179],"propose":[77],"feature":[78,184],"clusters":[79,150,185],"in":[80,97,110,144],"terms":[81],"Flow,":[83],"Message":[84],"Queuing":[85],"Telemetry":[86],"Transport":[87],"(MQTT)":[88],"Transmission":[90],"Control":[91],"Protocol":[92],"(TCP)":[93],"by":[94,162],"using":[95,163],"features":[96,171,174],"UNSW-NB15":[98],"data-set.":[99,112],"We":[100,113],"eliminate":[101],"problems":[102],"like":[103],"over-fitting,":[104],"curse":[105],"dimensionality":[107],"imbalance":[109],"apply":[114],"supervised":[115,199],"Machine":[116,126],"Learning":[117],"(ML)":[118],"algorithms,":[119],"i.e.,":[120],"Random":[121],"Forest":[122],"(RF),":[123],"Support":[124],"Vector":[125],"Artificial":[128],"Neural":[129],"Networks":[130],"on":[131,165],"clusters.":[133,177],"Using":[134],"RF,":[135],"we,":[136],"respectively,":[137],"achieve":[138],"98.67%":[139],"97.37%":[141],"accuracy":[143,161,188],"binary":[145],"multi-class":[147],"classification.":[148],"based":[151],"techniques,":[152],"achieved":[154],"96.96%,":[155],"91.4%":[156],"97.54%":[158],"classification":[160],"RF":[164],"Flow":[166],"&amp;":[167],"MQTT":[168],"features,":[169],"TCP":[170],"top":[173],"both":[176],"Moreover,":[178],"show":[180],"that":[181],"proposed":[183],"provide":[186],"higher":[187],"requires":[190],"lesser":[191],"training":[192],"time":[193],"compared":[195],"other":[197],"state-of-the-art":[198],"ML-based":[200],"approaches.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
