{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094617278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","title":"Electromagnetic radiation-based IC device identification and verification using deep learning","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation-based IC device identification and verification using deep learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094617278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","mag":"3094617278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777469","display_name":"Hongxin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1865-9519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China","College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Work Safety Intelligent Monitoring, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602548","display_name":"Jia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0654-8929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0654-8929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063989756","display_name":"Jun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0076-9528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing, 100086, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing, 100086, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403380","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-8243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101676834","display_name":"Xiaotong Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7208-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-tong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044055831","display_name":"Shaofei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-9424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao-fei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115602548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":1665,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1665},"apc_paid":{"value":1665,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1665},"fwci":1.3526,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81090518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8466672897338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.6459641456604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5313048362731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4766945540904999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4488551616668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.4480481743812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.4408789873123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency-identification","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","score":0.4177151620388031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.4133709967136383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.33770719170570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27703189849853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1701558530330658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.12191382050514221}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8466672897338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.6459641456604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5313048362731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4766945540904999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4488551616668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4480481743812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4408789873123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204222849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","level":2,"score":0.4177151620388031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.4133709967136383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33770719170570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27703189849853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1701558530330658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.12191382050514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d54cc2daf3248ff8704addea1ec0639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d54cc2daf3248ff8704addea1ec0639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol 2020, Iss 1, Pp 1-23 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","pdf_url":"https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13638-020-01808-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82675988","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","issn_l":"1687-1472","issn":["1687-1472","1687-1499"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6689802627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3182028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6831098956","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u6e90\u4fe1\u606f\u878d\u5408\u7684\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\u82af\u7247\u65c1\u8def\u5206\u6790\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61571063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094617278.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094617278.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96549597","https://openalex.org/W1611801810","https://openalex.org/W1976842305","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2163501229","https://openalex.org/W2169212403","https://openalex.org/W2171819552","https://openalex.org/W2606442853","https://openalex.org/W2783190965","https://openalex.org/W2803720591","https://openalex.org/W2904358910","https://openalex.org/W2910187679","https://openalex.org/W2921645740","https://openalex.org/W2938278435","https://openalex.org/W2974436273","https://openalex.org/W6603906713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577771720","https://openalex.org/W67524538","https://openalex.org/W2283353220","https://openalex.org/W3123987581","https://openalex.org/W2358406440","https://openalex.org/W2352435628","https://openalex.org/W4387101794","https://openalex.org/W3096760981","https://openalex.org/W151758239","https://openalex.org/W3175365978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,222],"electromagnetic":[2,124],"radiation":[3],"of":[4,77,97,120,166,189,208,269,306],"electronic":[5],"equipment":[6,33,309],"carries":[7],"information":[8,12,25],"and":[9,48,87,110,116,130,138,150,177,184,214,255,289,297,327],"can":[10,162,272,286,293],"cause":[11],"leakage,":[13],"which":[14,161],"poses":[15],"a":[16,90,154,206,217,319],"serious":[17,37],"threat":[18],"to":[19,67,93,132,157,198,228,239,251,330,333],"the":[20,24,40,45,51,95,118,121,158,164,186,199,203,210,230,233,242,246,253,257,265,280,298,304,323],"security":[21,96,165,335],"system;":[22],"especially":[23],"leakage":[26],"caused":[27],"by":[28,114,181],"encryption":[29],"or":[30,43,69],"other":[31],"important":[32],"will":[34],"have":[35,54,60],"more":[36],"consequences.":[38],"In":[39,79,264],"past":[41],"decade":[42],"so,":[44],"attack":[46],"technology":[47,92,155,326],"means":[49],"for":[50,64,262,321],"physical":[52,159],"layer":[53],"developed":[55,86],"rapidly.":[56],"And":[57],"system":[58],"designers":[59],"no":[61],"effective":[62],"method":[63,225,236],"this":[65],"situation":[66],"eliminate":[68],"defend":[70],"against":[71],"threats":[72],"with":[73],"an":[74],"absolute":[75],"level":[76],"security.":[78],"recent":[80],"years,":[81],"device":[82,108,204,211,324],"identification":[83,105,109,144,174,305],"has":[84],"been":[85],"improved":[88],"as":[89,318],"physical-level":[91],"improve":[94,163,252],"integrated":[98,167],"circuit":[99,168],"(IC)-based":[100,169],"multifactor":[101,170],"authentication":[102,171],"systems.":[103,172],"Device":[104,143,173],"tasks":[106,175],"(including":[107],"verification)":[111,178],"are":[112,179],"accomplished":[113,180],"monitoring":[115,183],"exploiting":[117],"characteristics":[119],"IC\u2019s":[122],"unintentional":[123],"radiation,":[125],"without":[126,194],"requiring":[127,195],"any":[128,196],"modification":[129],"process":[131],"hardware":[133,141],"devices,":[134],"thereby":[135],"providing":[136],"versatility":[137],"adapting":[139],"existing":[140],"devices.":[142],"based":[145,310],"on":[146,311],"deep":[147,218,312],"residual":[148,219,313],"networks":[149],"radio":[151,307],"frequency":[152,308],"is":[153,212,226,237,249,260,315,328],"applicable":[156],"layer,":[160],"(identification":[176],"passively":[182],"utilizing":[185],"inherent":[187],"properties":[188],"IC":[190],"unintended":[191],"RF":[192],"transmissions":[193],"modifications":[197],"analysis":[200],"equipment.":[201],"After":[202],"performs":[205],"series":[207],"operations,":[209],"classified":[213],"identified":[215,275],"using":[216],"neural":[220],"network.":[221],"gradient":[223],"descent":[224],"used":[227,238,250,261],"adjust":[229],"network":[231,314],"parameters,":[232],"batch":[234],"training":[235],"speed":[240],"up":[241],"parameter":[243,247],"tuning":[244],"speed,":[245],"regularization":[248],"generalization,":[254],"finally,":[256],"Softmax":[258],"classifier":[259],"classification.":[263],"end,":[266],"28":[267,291],"chips":[268,282,292],"4":[270,277],"models":[271],"be":[273,287,294,331],"accurately":[274,295],"into":[276],"categories,":[278],"then":[279],"individual":[281],"in":[283],"each":[284],"category":[285],"identified,":[288,296],"finally":[290],"verification":[299],"accuracy":[300],"reached":[301],"100%.":[302],"Therefore,":[303],"very":[316],"suitable":[317],"countermeasure":[320],"implementing":[322],"cloning":[325],"expected":[329],"related":[332],"various":[334],"issues.":[336]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}