{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7144043221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","title":"Enhancing steganographic security via controversial-pixel grading in multi-distortion function fusion","display_name":"Enhancing steganographic security via controversial-pixel grading in multi-distortion function fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7144043221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056161","display_name":"Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"3091-4515","issn":["3091-4515"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5131023231","display_name":"Xiaosong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Physics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Physics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920","https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5131124901","display_name":"Qingliang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Physics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Physics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920","https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5131051541","display_name":"Donghua Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghua Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132, Outer Ring East Road, University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132, Outer Ring East Road, University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5131374092","display_name":"Shuguo Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuguo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Physics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Physics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920","https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059946901","display_name":"Chenzi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1150-2028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146773158","display_name":"Qingdao Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/051qwcj72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenzi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, Qingdao University, No. 62 Keda Branch Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, Qingdao University, No. 62 Keda Branch Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024","https://openalex.org/I146773158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5131374092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998","https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50671993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8292999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6316999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.3772999942302704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7372000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6316999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780803321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283073","display_name":"Distortion function","level":3,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056161","display_name":"Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"3091-4515","issn":["3091-4515"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-026-00233-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056161","display_name":"Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"3091-4515","issn":["3091-4515"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5117806196212769}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G165365756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2024QG134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5670371605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2024QF112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W1976570511","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2015721798","https://openalex.org/W2124664712","https://openalex.org/W2192227561","https://openalex.org/W2538511122","https://openalex.org/W2542290803","https://openalex.org/W2680958618","https://openalex.org/W2892948265","https://openalex.org/W2949862294","https://openalex.org/W3034706371","https://openalex.org/W4293057081","https://openalex.org/W4387092851","https://openalex.org/W4387968174"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Designing":[1],"novel":[2],"and":[3,84,103],"effective":[4,68],"distortion":[5,26],"functions":[6,27,38,118],"for":[7,81],"spatial":[8],"image":[9],"steganography":[10],"has":[11],"become":[12],"increasingly":[13],"challenging.":[14],"The":[15],"controversial":[16,55],"pixels":[17],"prior":[18],"(CPP)":[19],"rule":[20],"mitigates":[21],"this":[22],"by":[23],"fusing":[24],"existing":[25],"rather":[28],"than":[29],"constructing":[30],"new":[31],"ones,":[32],"but":[33],"it":[34],"is":[35],"limited":[36],"to":[37,62,88,117],"with":[39,119],"comparable":[40],"security":[41,122,140],"performance.":[42],"We":[43],"propose":[44],"G-CPP,":[45],"a":[46,77],"generalized":[47],"fusion":[48],"framework":[49],"based":[50],"on":[51,125],"the":[52,82,89,109,134],"grading":[53],"of":[54,70,92,111],"pixels.":[56],"G-CPP":[57,83,107,131],"assigns":[58],"embedding":[59,72],"priorities":[60],"according":[61],"pixel":[63],"conflict":[64],"levels,":[65],"enabling":[66],"more":[67],"utilization":[69],"high-potential":[71],"locations.":[73],"Furthermore,":[74],"we":[75],"introduce":[76],"customized":[78],"scheduling":[79],"strategy":[80],"cost-spreading":[85],"rules,":[86],"tailored":[87],"intrinsic":[90],"properties":[91],"different":[93],"distortion-function":[94],"combinations,":[95],"thereby":[96],"enhancing":[97],"statistical":[98],"undetectability":[99],"against":[100],"both":[101],"conventional":[102,135],"deep":[104],"learning\u2013based":[105],"steganalyzers.":[106],"preserves":[108],"advantages":[110],"CPP":[112,136],"while":[113],"extending":[114],"its":[115],"applicability":[116],"significantly":[120],"divergent":[121],"levels.":[123],"Experiments":[124],"multiple":[126],"benchmark":[127],"datasets":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130],"consistently":[132],"outperforms":[133],"rule,":[137],"achieving":[138],"superior":[139],"performance":[141],"across":[142],"diverse":[143],"function":[144],"combinations.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-01T00:00:00"}
