{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311410900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","title":"Human-artificial intelligence approaches for secure analysis in CAPTCHA codes","display_name":"Human-artificial intelligence approaches for secure analysis in CAPTCHA codes","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311410900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","pdf_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5820498","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"1687-4161","issn":["1687-4161","1687-417X","2510-523X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047320615","display_name":"Nghia Dinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4871-7476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","display_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","ror":"https://ror.org/05x8mcb75","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nghia Dinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["VSB Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708-33, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VSB Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708-33, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087665076","display_name":"Lidia Ogiela","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lidia Ogiela","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave, 30-059, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave, 30-059, Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047320615"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"],"apc_list":{"value":1040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1040},"apc_paid":{"value":1040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1040},"fwci":3.4396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93560305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captcha","display_name":"CAPTCHA","score":0.9948285818099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8561347126960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-test","display_name":"Turing test","score":0.8009861707687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.7170888781547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6005345582962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.5918290019035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5913125872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28650057315826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.27694886922836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.206983745098114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.9948285818099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8561347126960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C577917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189223","display_name":"Turing test","level":2,"score":0.8009861707687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.7170888781547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6005345582962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.5918290019035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5913125872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28650057315826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.27694886922836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.206983745098114}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","pdf_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5820498","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"1687-4161","issn":["1687-4161","1687-417X","2510-523X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a2e0cb1b68e4364887278ab1afe1a66","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a2e0cb1b68e4364887278ab1afe1a66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security, Vol 2022, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.vsb.cz:10084/149098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10084/149098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401668","display_name":"DSpace V\u0160B-TUO (V\u0160B-TUO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","host_organization_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","pdf_url":"https://jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13635-022-00134-9","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5820498","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","issn_l":"1687-4161","issn":["1687-4161","1687-417X","2510-523X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324664","display_name":"Akademia G\u00f3rniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanislawa Staszica","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311410900.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311410900.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4668225","https://openalex.org/W24291140","https://openalex.org/W94844369","https://openalex.org/W112869242","https://openalex.org/W1502766620","https://openalex.org/W1506186582","https://openalex.org/W1513685418","https://openalex.org/W1526616221","https://openalex.org/W1538850856","https://openalex.org/W1562671739","https://openalex.org/W1603565383","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1688746682","https://openalex.org/W1726017835","https://openalex.org/W1827297289","https://openalex.org/W1914017572","https://openalex.org/W1974008446","https://openalex.org/W1984957363","https://openalex.org/W1987153840","https://openalex.org/W1999034556","https://openalex.org/W2022710553","https://openalex.org/W2043165161","https://openalex.org/W2045782640","https://openalex.org/W2050629718","https://openalex.org/W2075785508","https://openalex.org/W2089540749","https://openalex.org/W2099256741","https://openalex.org/W2116241551","https://openalex.org/W2131572598","https://openalex.org/W2168727550","https://openalex.org/W2170472066","https://openalex.org/W2484995033","https://openalex.org/W2516042361","https://openalex.org/W2594302776","https://openalex.org/W2693668331","https://openalex.org/W2750235144","https://openalex.org/W2794632300","https://openalex.org/W2884620825","https://openalex.org/W2888953217","https://openalex.org/W2896013314","https://openalex.org/W2912944541","https://openalex.org/W2920515971","https://openalex.org/W2940843517","https://openalex.org/W2958415890","https://openalex.org/W2981489355","https://openalex.org/W2986377783","https://openalex.org/W3099686517","https://openalex.org/W3111948101","https://openalex.org/W3144526075","https://openalex.org/W3208272913","https://openalex.org/W4231913959","https://openalex.org/W4232013352","https://openalex.org/W4233904041","https://openalex.org/W4233954915","https://openalex.org/W4240331087","https://openalex.org/W4242182081","https://openalex.org/W4242541563","https://openalex.org/W4244463960","https://openalex.org/W4247258601","https://openalex.org/W4247811127","https://openalex.org/W4248113338","https://openalex.org/W4248703840","https://openalex.org/W4248718655","https://openalex.org/W4287795862","https://openalex.org/W4297747078","https://openalex.org/W4299544653","https://openalex.org/W4300101671","https://openalex.org/W6600575157","https://openalex.org/W6602163396","https://openalex.org/W6610499235","https://openalex.org/W6631473121","https://openalex.org/W6632483367","https://openalex.org/W6642714445","https://openalex.org/W6675639741","https://openalex.org/W6748591117","https://openalex.org/W6826063285","https://openalex.org/W6829953134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312500010","https://openalex.org/W2086464669","https://openalex.org/W2313567600","https://openalex.org/W2965099444","https://openalex.org/W1999034556","https://openalex.org/W1998496804","https://openalex.org/W1991242267","https://openalex.org/W2910114670","https://openalex.org/W3144744384","https://openalex.org/W3015118614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"CAPTCHA":[1,46,83,115,166,194,221],"(":[2],"Completely":[3],"Automated":[4],"Public":[5],"Turing":[6],"test":[7],"to":[8,19,33,55,88,144,149],"tell":[9],"Computers":[10],"and":[11,58,63,78,94,156,192,207,217],"Humans":[12],"Apart":[13],")":[14],"has":[15],"long":[16],"been":[17,49,100,134],"used":[18],"keep":[20],"automated":[21,69,137],"bots":[22,62,108],"from":[23],"misusing":[24],"web":[25],"services":[26],"by":[27,136],"leveraging":[28],"human-artificial":[29],"intelligence":[30],"(HAI)":[31],"interactions":[32],"distinguish":[34],"whether":[35],"the":[36,52,79,104,175,210],"user":[37],"is":[38],"a":[39,42,113,151,184],"human":[40,111],"or":[41],"computer":[43,205],"program.":[44],"Various":[45],"schemes":[47,167,173],"have":[48,71,97,131,168,197],"proposed":[50],"over":[51,171],"years,":[53],"principally":[54],"increase":[56],"usability":[57],"security":[59,178,211],"against":[60,177],"emerging":[61],"hackers":[64],"performing":[65],"malicious":[66],"operations.":[67],"However,":[68,102,139],"attacks":[70,147],"effectively":[72],"cracked":[73],"all":[74,125],"common":[75],"conventional":[76],"schemes,":[77,195],"majority":[80],"of":[81,106,154,202,213,219],"present":[82],"methods":[84],"are":[85,141],"also":[86],"vulnerable":[87],"human-assisted":[89,145],"relay":[90,146],"attacks.":[91,138,179],"Invisible":[92],"reCAPTCHA":[93],"some":[95],"approaches":[96],"not":[98,132],"yet":[99,133],"cracked.":[101],"with":[103,128],"introduction":[105],"fourth-generation":[107],"accurately":[109],"mimicking":[110],"behavior,":[112],"secure":[114,191],"would":[116],"be":[117,158],"hardly":[118],"designed":[119],"without":[120],"additional":[121],"special":[122],"devices.":[123,163],"Almost":[124],"cognitive-based":[126,165],"CAPTCHAs":[127],"sensor":[129],"support":[130],"compromised":[135,143],"they":[140],"still":[142],"due":[148],"having":[150],"limited":[152],"number":[153],"challenges":[155],"can":[157],"only":[159],"solved":[160],"using":[161],"trusted":[162],"Obviously,":[164],"an":[169,199],"advantage":[170],"other":[172],"in":[174],"race":[176],"In":[180],"this":[181],"study,":[182],"as":[183],"strong":[185],"starting":[186],"point":[187],"for":[188],"creating":[189],"future":[190],"usable":[193],"we":[196],"offered":[198],"overview":[200],"analysis":[201],"HAI":[203],"between":[204],"users":[206],"computers":[208],"under":[209],"aspects":[212],"open":[214],"problems,":[215],"difficulties,":[216],"opportunities":[218],"current":[220],"schemes.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
