{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389046072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","title":"Energy efficiency performance in RIS-based integrated satellite\u2013aerial\u2013terrestrial relay networks with deep reinforcement learning","display_name":"Energy efficiency performance in RIS-based integrated satellite\u2013aerial\u2013terrestrial relay networks with deep reinforcement learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389046072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014197896","display_name":"Lifang Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-997X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165883","display_name":"Xinxiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qvskn85","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, China","Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102583971","display_name":"Huajian Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159152","display_name":"Tongling University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kqvjg13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159152"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huajian Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongling University, Tongling, 244000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongling University, Tongling, 244000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340873","display_name":"Min Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9379-7714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, 101400, China","School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9379-7714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, 101400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025336170","display_name":"Fucheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-9882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159152","display_name":"Tongling University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kqvjg13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159152"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fucheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongling University, Tongling, 244000, China","Tongling University, Tongling, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongling University, Tongling, 244000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongling University, Tongling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078813712","display_name":"Tieliang Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165883","display_name":"Xinxiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qvskn85","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tieliang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, China","Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Financial Risk Prediction, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064086456","display_name":"Feng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-8127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157719","display_name":"Yancheng Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8njc86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224000, China","School of Information Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100340873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"],"apc_list":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"apc_paid":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"fwci":0.8724,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74105176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8386893272399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7652003169059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.6860198974609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5280200839042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5142983794212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.49907946586608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.496933251619339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4860892593860626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.46510040760040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41177505254745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4116641879081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.41024625301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2609609067440033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.20032018423080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12407726049423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.099978506565094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8386893272399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7652003169059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.6860198974609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5280200839042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5142983794212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.49907946586608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.496933251619339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4860892593860626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.46510040760040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41177505254745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4116641879081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.41024625301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2609609067440033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.20032018423080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12407726049423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.099978506565094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b725036f84b448cb1e5356dbced5710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b725036f84b448cb1e5356dbced5710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol 2023, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01070-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389046072.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1961845250","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W2528584088","https://openalex.org/W2911529145","https://openalex.org/W2926982239","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2964023906","https://openalex.org/W3011552097","https://openalex.org/W3022404363","https://openalex.org/W3037051439","https://openalex.org/W3081215475","https://openalex.org/W3081933036","https://openalex.org/W3103562997","https://openalex.org/W3119981021","https://openalex.org/W3174495368","https://openalex.org/W3179716925","https://openalex.org/W3184913445","https://openalex.org/W3198753883","https://openalex.org/W3210522537","https://openalex.org/W3214727290","https://openalex.org/W3215641234","https://openalex.org/W3216753461","https://openalex.org/W4206658479","https://openalex.org/W4214866088","https://openalex.org/W4220772872","https://openalex.org/W4285225593","https://openalex.org/W4285279555","https://openalex.org/W4312601533","https://openalex.org/W4312701615","https://openalex.org/W4312809976","https://openalex.org/W4317515958","https://openalex.org/W4321021465","https://openalex.org/W4323338589","https://openalex.org/W4367146885","https://openalex.org/W4367185935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539674285","https://openalex.org/W1998322187","https://openalex.org/W1038122923","https://openalex.org/W2952514781","https://openalex.org/W3019210376","https://openalex.org/W2391145594","https://openalex.org/W2326572623","https://openalex.org/W1559320887","https://openalex.org/W2284606164","https://openalex.org/W2005713623"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Integrated":[1],"satellite\u2013aerial\u2013terrestrial":[2],"relay":[3],"networks":[4],"(ISATRNs)":[5],"play":[6],"a":[7,22],"vital":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,43],"next-gen":[11],"networks,":[12],"particularly":[13],"those":[14],"with":[15,96],"high-altitude":[16],"platforms":[17],"(HAP).":[18],"This":[19],"study":[20],"introduces":[21],"new":[23],"model":[24],"for":[25,52],"hybrid":[26],"optical/RF-based":[27],"HAP-enabled":[28],"ISATRNs,":[29],"incorporating":[30],"reconfigurable":[31],"intelligent":[32],"surfaces":[33],"(RIS)":[34],"on":[35],"unmanned":[36],"aerial":[37],"vehicles":[38],"(UAVs)":[39],"to":[40,59],"optimize":[41,61],"access":[42,49],"dense":[44],"urban":[45],"areas.":[46],"Non-orthogonal":[47],"multiple":[48],"is":[50,58,83],"employed":[51],"improved":[53],"spectrum":[54],"efficiency.":[55],"The":[56],"objective":[57],"jointly":[60],"UAV":[62],"trajectory,":[63],"RIS":[64],"phase":[65],"shift,":[66],"and":[67,101],"active":[68],"transmit":[69],"beamforming":[70],"while":[71],"considering":[72],"energy":[73],"consumption.":[74],"A":[75],"deep":[76],"reinforcement":[77],"learning":[78],"approach":[79],"using":[80],"LSTM-DDQN":[81],"framework":[82],"proposed.":[84],"Numerical":[85],"results":[86],"show":[87],"the":[88],"effectiveness":[89],"of":[90],"our":[91],"algorithm":[92],"over":[93],"traditional":[94],"DDQN,":[95],"higher":[97],"single-step":[98],"exploration":[99],"reward":[100],"evaluation":[102],"metrics.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
