{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382292765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","title":"Anchor-free object detection in remote sensing images using a variable receptive field network","display_name":"Anchor-free object detection in remote sensing images using a variable receptive field network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382292765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109577335","display_name":"Shen-Shen Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenshen Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer ScienceSchool of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, No. 600, Polytechnic Road, Xiamen, 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer ScienceSchool of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, No. 600, Polytechnic Road, Xiamen, 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101585745","display_name":"Yifan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9171-3502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182722699","display_name":"Shenzhen Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d2w9g53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yifan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, No. 7098, Liuxian Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, No. 7098, Liuxian Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101487405","display_name":"Xiaofeng Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6582-6423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer ScienceSchool of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, No. 600, Polytechnic Road, Xiamen, 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer ScienceSchool of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, No. 600, Polytechnic Road, Xiamen, 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040093953","display_name":"Yi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-9469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer ScienceSchool of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, No. 600, Polytechnic Road, Xiamen, 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer ScienceSchool of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, No. 600, Polytechnic Road, Xiamen, 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101585745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182722699"],"apc_list":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"apc_paid":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"fwci":1.3827,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83323687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8526048064231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6634770631790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5804003477096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.5672723650932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5609214901924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5313829779624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4809838533401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.47361230850219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42964810132980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42189812660217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.41477522253990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.3955157995223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3586381673812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.21317920088768005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8526048064231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6634770631790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5804003477096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5672723650932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5609214901924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5313829779624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4809838533401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.47361230850219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42964810132980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42189812660217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.41477522253990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.3955157995223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3586381673812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.21317920088768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1478a3649444384a4439723da3f71a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1478a3649444384a4439723da3f71a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol 2023, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13634-023-01013-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2094669432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019J05123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5583015247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.2019J05123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382292765.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2779335303","https://openalex.org/W2789436332","https://openalex.org/W2790688320","https://openalex.org/W2803867573","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2957667237","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2988452521","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3035694605","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3108849448","https://openalex.org/W3172752666","https://openalex.org/W4207064056","https://openalex.org/W4213200979","https://openalex.org/W4221138999","https://openalex.org/W4280612217","https://openalex.org/W4289861105","https://openalex.org/W4313591552","https://openalex.org/W6607687417","https://openalex.org/W6836371346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060809589","https://openalex.org/W2017572878","https://openalex.org/W4210771477","https://openalex.org/W2174759944","https://openalex.org/W2377728464","https://openalex.org/W2990948995","https://openalex.org/W2582295320","https://openalex.org/W3080983534","https://openalex.org/W2406416307","https://openalex.org/W2081348959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Object":[1],"detection":[2,14,94],"is":[3,49],"one":[4],"of":[5,21,29,61,69,83,133],"the":[6,27,52,57,62,66,73,80,113,119,129,134,138,146,172,189,196],"essential":[7],"tasks":[8],"in":[9,42,112,160],"computer":[10],"vision,":[11],"with":[12],"most":[13],"methods":[15,183],"relying":[16,165],"on":[17,166,171,195],"a":[18,91,106,153],"limited":[19],"number":[20],"sizes":[22],"for":[23,51,126],"anchor":[24,70,167],"boxes.":[25,168],"However,":[26],"boundaries":[28],"particular":[30],"composite":[31],"objects,":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34],"ports,":[35],"highways,":[36],"and":[37,46,75,131],"golf":[38],"courses,":[39],"are":[40],"ambiguous":[41],"remote":[43,174],"sensing":[44,175],"images,":[45],"therefore,":[47],"it":[48,122],"challenging":[50,178],"anchor-based":[53],"method":[54,104,187],"to":[55,98,118,142],"accommodate":[56],"substantial":[58],"size":[59,143],"variation":[60],"objects.":[63],"In":[64],"addition,":[65],"dense":[67],"placement":[68],"boxes":[71],"imbalances":[72],"positive":[74],"negative":[76],"samples,":[77],"which":[78],"affects":[79],"end-to-end":[81],"architecture":[82],"deep":[84],"learning":[85],"methods.":[86],"Hence,":[87],"this":[88,100,150],"paper":[89,151],"proposes":[90],"single-stage":[92],"object":[93],"model":[95,139],"named":[96],"Xnet":[97,179],"address":[99],"issue.":[101],"The":[102],"proposed":[103],"designs":[105],"deformable":[107],"convolution":[108],"backbone":[109],"network":[110],"used":[111],"feature":[114,161],"extraction":[115],"stage.":[116],"Compared":[117],"standard":[120],"convolution,":[121],"adds":[123],"learnable":[124],"parameters":[125],"dynamically":[127],"analyzing":[128],"boundary":[130],"offset":[132],"receptive":[135],"field,":[136],"rendering":[137],"more":[140],"adaptable":[141],"variations":[144],"within":[145],"same":[147],"class.":[148],"Moreover,":[149],"presents":[152],"novel":[154],"anchor-free":[155],"detector":[156],"that":[157,185],"classifies":[158],"objects":[159],"images":[162],"point-by-point,":[163],"without":[164],"Several":[169],"experiments":[170],"large":[173],"dataset":[176],"DIOR":[177],"against":[180],"other":[181],"popular":[182],"demonstrate":[184],"our":[186],"attains":[188],"best":[190],"performance,":[191],"surpassing":[192],"by":[193],"4.7%":[194],"mAP":[197],"(mean":[198],"average":[199],"precision)":[200],"metric.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}