{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2347098755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","title":"Detecting obfuscated malware using reduced opcode set and optimised runtime trace","display_name":"Detecting obfuscated malware using reduced opcode set and optimised runtime trace","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2347098755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","mag":"2347098755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","pdf_url":"https://security-informatics.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492493267","display_name":"Security Informatics","issn_l":"2190-8532","issn":["2190-8532"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://security-informatics.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017537630","display_name":"Philip O\u2019Kane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7792-336X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip O\u2019kane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103020013","display_name":"Sakir Sezer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-616X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakir Sezer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027789250","display_name":"Kieran McLaughlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-2364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kieran McLaughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017537630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":707,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":762},"fwci":2.8089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91302556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opcode","display_name":"Opcode","score":0.9976428747177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9027298092842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8971463441848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.5814701914787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5618786215782166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5563477873802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5346032381057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5004181861877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4878861904144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.4783322811126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.4489622712135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3401888608932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2804314196109772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13834479451179504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52173422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766483","display_name":"Opcode","level":2,"score":0.9976428747177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9027298092842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8971463441848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5814701914787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5618786215782166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5563477873802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5346032381057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5004181861877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4878861904144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.4783322811126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.4489622712135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3401888608932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2804314196109772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13834479451179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","pdf_url":"https://security-informatics.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492493267","display_name":"Security Informatics","issn_l":"2190-8532","issn":["2190-8532"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/755b589c-a657-4425-a563-f7428db2f18e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/755b589c-a657-4425-a563-f7428db2f18e","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/35840401/Detecting.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"O'Kane, P, Sezer, S & McLaughlin, K 2016, 'Detecting obfuscated malware using reduced opcode set and optimised runtime trace', Security Informatics, vol. 5, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","pdf_url":"https://security-informatics.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13388-016-0027-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492493267","display_name":"Security Informatics","issn_l":"2190-8532","issn":["2190-8532"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3737606294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K003445/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5445011987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K004379/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6577499357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N508664/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2347098755.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2347098755.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36091977","https://openalex.org/W192227941","https://openalex.org/W345398754","https://openalex.org/W1481850690","https://openalex.org/W1482228399","https://openalex.org/W1482612322","https://openalex.org/W1495180973","https://openalex.org/W1966948031","https://openalex.org/W1976107877","https://openalex.org/W1984959655","https://openalex.org/W1986778261","https://openalex.org/W2034938003","https://openalex.org/W2041130390","https://openalex.org/W2056127986","https://openalex.org/W2063898900","https://openalex.org/W2079215333","https://openalex.org/W2110143557","https://openalex.org/W2115175195","https://openalex.org/W2139419377","https://openalex.org/W2142368292","https://openalex.org/W2150188172","https://openalex.org/W2153393809","https://openalex.org/W2153736474","https://openalex.org/W2161084348","https://openalex.org/W2161446377","https://openalex.org/W2167146581","https://openalex.org/W2171035369","https://openalex.org/W4244781008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903602818","https://openalex.org/W36091977","https://openalex.org/W1605436333","https://openalex.org/W2469507153","https://openalex.org/W2008790809","https://openalex.org/W2384735743","https://openalex.org/W3022706011","https://openalex.org/W2768892939","https://openalex.org/W2160963033","https://openalex.org/W4382794599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35,50,77],"research":[1],"presented,":[2],"investigates":[3],"the":[4,39,47,67],"optimal":[5,68],"set":[6],"of":[7,16,30,70],"operational":[8],"codes":[9],"(opcodes)":[10],"that":[11,80],"create":[12],"a":[13,23,54],"robust":[14],"indicator":[15],"malicious":[17,33],"software":[18],"(malware)":[19],"and":[20,32,58],"also":[21],"determines":[22],"program\u2019s":[24],"execution":[25],"duration":[26],"for":[27],"accurate":[28],"classification":[29,69],"benign":[31],"software.":[34],"features":[36,64],"extracted":[37,45],"from":[38],"dataset":[40],"are":[41],"opcode":[42],"density":[43],"histograms,":[44],"during":[46],"program":[48,74],"execution.":[49],"classifier":[51],"used":[52],"is":[53,59],"support":[55],"vector":[56],"machine":[57],"configured":[60],"to":[61,65],"select":[62],"those":[63],"produce":[66],"malware":[71,81],"over":[72],"different":[73],"run":[75],"lengths.":[76],"findings":[78],"demonstrate":[79],"can":[82],"be":[83],"detected":[84],"using":[85],"dynamic":[86],"analysis":[87],"with":[88],"relatively":[89],"few":[90],"opcodes.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T17:19:04.345684","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
