{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070137602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","title":"Development and validation of a classification approach for extracting severity automatically from electronic health records","display_name":"Development and validation of a classification approach for extracting severity automatically from electronic health records","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070137602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","mag":"2070137602","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","pdf_url":"https://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172276550","display_name":"Journal of Biomedical Semantics","issn_l":"2041-1480","issn":["2041-1480"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biomedical Semantics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002364120","display_name":"Mary Regina Boland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8576-6408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mary Regina Boland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-20, New York, NY USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-20, New York, NY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086753691","display_name":"Nicholas P. Tatonetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2700-2597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas P Tatonetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-20, New York, NY USA ; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-20, New York, NY USA ; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053670656","display_name":"George Hripcsak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2664-7614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Hripcsak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-20, New York, NY USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ; Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-20, New York, NY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002364120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"apc_paid":{"value":1340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1340},"fwci":5.7972,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95938604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"14","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.41370001435279846,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.41370001435279846,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.08100000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.04390000179409981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenotype","display_name":"Phenotype","score":0.7458827495574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5450878143310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5212141275405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-record","display_name":"Medical record","score":0.4745403528213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severity-of-illness","display_name":"Severity of illness","score":0.4691160023212433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-records","display_name":"Health records","score":0.45217612385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3679717779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3256193995475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2925114035606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.26387572288513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.1270594298839569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.12466052174568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11237740516662598}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.7458827495574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5450878143310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5212141275405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.4745403528213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.4691160023212433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.45217612385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3679717779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3256193995475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2925114035606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.26387572288513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.1270594298839569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.12466052174568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11237740516662598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","pdf_url":"https://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172276550","display_name":"Journal of Biomedical Semantics","issn_l":"2041-1480","issn":["2041-1480"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biomedical Semantics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25848530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of biomedical semantics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:academiccommons.columbia.edu:10.7916/D8V12410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8V12410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3352243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4386082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8v12410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8v12410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","pdf_url":"https://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13326-015-0010-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172276550","display_name":"Journal of Biomedical Semantics","issn_l":"2041-1480","issn":["2041-1480"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Biomedical Semantics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4221401674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 GM107145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6638737625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 LM006910","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2070137602.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2070137602.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W1034019924","https://openalex.org/W1483357098","https://openalex.org/W1485513899","https://openalex.org/W1517598180","https://openalex.org/W1975271154","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1979945892","https://openalex.org/W1983141380","https://openalex.org/W2009055819","https://openalex.org/W2012648967","https://openalex.org/W2029779497","https://openalex.org/W2036990943","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2040103633","https://openalex.org/W2046141107","https://openalex.org/W2067950501","https://openalex.org/W2069720347","https://openalex.org/W2071806619","https://openalex.org/W2082850379","https://openalex.org/W2088263677","https://openalex.org/W2097735030","https://openalex.org/W2097800192","https://openalex.org/W2107389982","https://openalex.org/W2113105800","https://openalex.org/W2120422600","https://openalex.org/W2121382432","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2127186124","https://openalex.org/W2133288647","https://openalex.org/W2136410628","https://openalex.org/W2142071150","https://openalex.org/W2158939484","https://openalex.org/W2162258226","https://openalex.org/W2169161052","https://openalex.org/W2171285465","https://openalex.org/W2182748314","https://openalex.org/W2322584079","https://openalex.org/W2791615973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W2355354922","https://openalex.org/W2527724968","https://openalex.org/W2356296688","https://openalex.org/W2739554337","https://openalex.org/W2413325029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Electronic":[1,147],"Health":[2,148],"Records":[3,149],"(EHRs)":[4],"contain":[5],"a":[6,84,89,108,117,166,172,189,215],"wealth":[7],"of":[8,48,92,130,158],"information":[9],"useful":[10],"for":[11,19,119,142,239],"studying":[12],"clinical":[13],"phenotype-genotype":[14],"relationships.":[15],"Severity":[16,144],"is":[17,46,54,73,95,137],"important":[18,238],"distinguishing":[20],"among":[21],"phenotypes;":[22],"however":[23],"other":[24,57,81],"severity":[25,29,38,45,61,121,154,178,195,230],"indices":[26],"classify":[27],"patient-level":[28,97],"(e.g.,":[30,39],"mild":[31,74,109,185,204],"vs.":[32,41],"acute":[33],"dermatitis)":[34],"rather":[35],"than":[36],"phenotype-level":[37,60,77,124],"acne":[40,72,93],"myocardial":[42],"infarction).":[43],"Phenotype-level":[44],"independent":[47],"the":[49,67,76,96,112,123,127,139],"individual":[50,68],"patient's":[51],"state":[52],"and":[53,78,165,176,184,193,203],"relative":[55,79],"to":[56,80,180,214,227,233],"phenotypes.":[58,82,186],"Further,":[59],"does":[62,101],"not":[63,102],"change":[64],"based":[65],"on":[66],"patient.":[69],"For":[70],"example,":[71],"at":[75,111,122],"Therefore,":[83],"given":[85],"patient":[86],"may":[87],"have":[88],"severe":[90,183,202],"form":[91],"(this":[94],"severity),":[98],"but":[99],"this":[100],"effect":[103],"its":[104],"overall":[105],"designation":[106],"as":[107,197],"phenotype":[110,229],"phenotype-level.":[113],"METHODS:":[114],"We":[115],"present":[116],"method":[118,136],"classifying":[120],"that":[125,236],"uses":[126],"Systemized":[128],"Nomenclature":[129],"Medicine":[131],"-":[132,156],"Clinical":[133],"Terms.":[134],"Our":[135],"called":[138],"Classification":[140],"Approach":[141],"Extracting":[143],"Automatically":[145],"from":[146,231],"(CAESAR).":[150],"CAESAR":[151,170,199,224],"combines":[152],"multiple":[153],"measures":[155,179,196],"number":[157],"comorbidities,":[159],"medications,":[160],"procedures,":[161],"cost,":[162],"treatment":[163],"time,":[164],"proportional":[167],"index":[168],"term.":[169],"employs":[171],"random":[173,190],"forest":[174,191],"algorithm":[175,192],"these":[177,194],"discriminate":[181],"between":[182,201],"RESULTS:":[187],"Using":[188],"input,":[198],"differentiates":[200],"phenotypes":[205,235],"(sensitivity":[206],"=":[207,210,221],"91.67,":[208],"specificity":[209],"77.78)":[211],"when":[212],"compared":[213],"manually":[216],"evaluated":[217],"reference":[218],"standard":[219],"(k":[220],"0.716).":[222],"CONCLUSIONS:":[223],"enables":[225],"researchers":[226],"measure":[228],"EHRs":[232],"identify":[234],"are":[237],"comparative":[240],"effectiveness":[241],"research.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}