{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154480957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","title":"Distinguishing cancer patients\u2019 mild and severe symptoms in radiotherapy via zero-shot and few-shot large language model-based probabilistic prompts","display_name":"Distinguishing cancer patients\u2019 mild and severe symptoms in radiotherapy via zero-shot and few-shot large language model-based probabilistic prompts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154480957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41987285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127856503","display_name":"Matthew Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128618","display_name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036c9yv20","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew W. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133673666","display_name":"Yang Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110378019","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","ror":"https://ror.org/049kefs16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110378019","https://openalex.org/I2801502357"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001457923","display_name":"Xinglei Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-860X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128618","display_name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036c9yv20","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinglei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133635163","display_name":"Hao Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096815","display_name":"Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00t9vx427","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096815"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388891891","display_name":"Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05d80e146","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388891891"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096815","https://openalex.org/I4388891891","https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133693007","display_name":"Zhong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110378019","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale","ror":"https://ror.org/049kefs16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110378019","https://openalex.org/I2801502357"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA. zhong.chen@cs.siu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA. zhong.chen@cs.siu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133693007"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110378019"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43395872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.10670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.10670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.07880000025033951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.07519999891519547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.8468999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-therapy","display_name":"Radiation therapy","score":0.7312999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.3118000030517578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.8468999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.7312999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5856000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41987285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41987285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData mining","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13202976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13202976/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BioData Min","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-026-00547-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4568651616573334,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985329839","https://openalex.org/W1988275108","https://openalex.org/W2035720976","https://openalex.org/W2065756680","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2319752472","https://openalex.org/W2528491735","https://openalex.org/W2557802858","https://openalex.org/W2790259038","https://openalex.org/W2955451033","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W2987441718","https://openalex.org/W3021445439","https://openalex.org/W3088719758","https://openalex.org/W3196261868","https://openalex.org/W4200372571","https://openalex.org/W4211047418","https://openalex.org/W4224225063","https://openalex.org/W4321602215","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4385227045","https://openalex.org/W4386982512","https://openalex.org/W4388816595","https://openalex.org/W4392404623","https://openalex.org/W4396759088","https://openalex.org/W4402727384","https://openalex.org/W4403401276","https://openalex.org/W4404490147","https://openalex.org/W4405318394","https://openalex.org/W4405755985","https://openalex.org/W4406454380","https://openalex.org/W4406460272","https://openalex.org/W4407777252","https://openalex.org/W4409361147","https://openalex.org/W4410554748","https://openalex.org/W4412888853","https://openalex.org/W4413113974","https://openalex.org/W4413886538","https://openalex.org/W4416593987","https://openalex.org/W7133184063"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"Monitoring":[1],"symptom":[2,130,192],"severity":[3,131],"during":[4,51],"and":[5,19,27,42,48,52,96,121,150,156,176,187,201],"after":[6,53],"radiotherapy":[7,54],"(RT)":[8],"is":[9],"critical":[10],"for":[11,39,92,190],"cancer":[12,45,115],"patient":[13,202],"care,":[14],"however,":[15],"existing":[16],"machine":[17],"learning":[18,21],"deep":[20],"approaches":[22],"face":[23],"high":[24],"retraining":[25],"costs":[26],"lack":[28],"clinically":[29],"acceptable":[30],"explanations.":[31],"This":[32,182],"study":[33],"aims":[34],"to":[35,94,160,174],"investigate":[36],"effective":[37],"prompts":[38,90],"LLM-based":[40],"reasoning":[41,167],"decision-making,":[43],"distinguishing":[44],"patients\u2019":[46],"mild":[47,100],"severe":[49,102],"status":[50],"across":[55],"multiple":[56],"health":[57],"symptoms.":[58],"METHODS:":[59],"To":[60],"overcome":[61],"these":[62,134],"limitations,":[63],"we":[64],"developed":[65],"a":[66,185],"set":[67],"of":[68,141,169],"few-shot":[69],"Large":[70],"Language":[71],"Model":[72],"(LLM)-based":[73],"predictive":[74],"models":[75],"operating":[76],"under":[77],"an":[78],"anomaly":[79],"detection":[80],"framework":[81],"(AD-LLM).":[82],"Our":[83],"approach":[84],"leverages":[85],"six":[86],"novel,":[87],"probabilistically":[88],"designed":[89],"tailored":[91],"AD-LLM":[93],"identify":[95],"track":[97],"patients":[98,116],"with":[99,153],"or":[101],"symptoms,":[103],"enabling":[104],"accurate":[105],"prediction":[106],"despite":[107],"limited":[108],"patient-specific":[109],"data.":[110],"RESULTS:":[111],"Experiments":[112],"on":[113],"prostate":[114],"monitoring":[117,193],"bowel":[118],"pain,":[119],"depression,":[120],"sexual":[122],"dysfunction":[123],"problems":[124],"demonstrated":[125],"AD-LLM\u2019s":[126],"effectiveness":[127],"in":[128,194],"classifying":[129],"levels":[132],"using":[133,145],"structured":[135],"prompts.":[136],"We":[137],"evaluate":[138],"the":[139],"performance":[140],"different":[142],"prompt":[143],"strategies":[144],"AUC,":[146],"AUCPR,":[147],"Precision,":[148],"Recall,":[149],"F1":[151],"scores,":[152],"confusion":[154],"matrices":[155],"ROC/PR":[157],"curves":[158],"visualized":[159],"offer":[161],"insights":[162],"into":[163],"LLM":[164],"reasoning.":[165],"The":[166],"examples":[168],"LLMs":[170],"are":[171],"also":[172],"provided":[173],"explain":[175],"understand":[177],"their":[178],"decision-making":[179],"process.":[180],"CONCLUSION:":[181],"method":[183],"provides":[184],"promising":[186],"explainable":[188],"solution":[189],"real-time":[191],"RT":[195],"settings,":[196],"potentially":[197],"improving":[198],"timely":[199],"intervention":[200],"outcomes.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-04-16T00:00:00"}
