{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415028932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","title":"WHFDL: an explainable method based on World Hyper-heuristic and Fuzzy Deep Learning approaches for gastric cancer detection using metabolomics data","display_name":"WHFDL: an explainable method based on World Hyper-heuristic and Fuzzy Deep Learning approaches for gastric cancer detection using metabolomics data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415028932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41074221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nora Mahdavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204588832","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Karaj","ror":"https://ror.org/01y4xm534","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nora Mahdavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063807084","display_name":"Arman Daliri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0398-3052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204588832","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Karaj","ror":"https://ror.org/01y4xm534","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arman Daliri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Arman.Daliri@kiau.ac.ir","Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Arman.Daliri@kiau.ac.ir","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204588832"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079289848","display_name":"Mahdieh Zabihimayvan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5826-3298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154264771","display_name":"Central Connecticut State University","ror":"https://ror.org/054gzqw08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154264771","https://openalex.org/I4210132746"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdieh Zabihimayvan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154264771"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119935656","display_name":"Yalda Yaghooti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70640408","display_name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01c4pz451","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalda Yaghooti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113723509","display_name":"M. Afzal Mir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204588832","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Karaj","ror":"https://ror.org/01y4xm534","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mahdi Mir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119935657","display_name":"Parastoo Ghazanfari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204588832","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Karaj","ror":"https://ror.org/01y4xm534","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parastoo Ghazanfari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090236421","display_name":"Ali Zarrabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0391-1769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204588832","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Karaj","ror":"https://ror.org/01y4xm534","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avin Zarrabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119935658","display_name":"Pedram Khalaj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204588832","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Karaj","ror":"https://ror.org/01y4xm534","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedram Khalaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ka.C., Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204588832"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101768528","display_name":"Reza Sadeghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-447X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926137907","display_name":"Marist University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wx3x242","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926137907"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Sadeghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926137907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":2.1911,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8829293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"72","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10836","display_name":"Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies","score":0.5354999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10836","display_name":"Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies","score":0.5354999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12647","display_name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies","score":0.10920000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11297","display_name":"Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis","score":0.062199998646974564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8683000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolomics","display_name":"Metabolomics","score":0.3962000012397766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8683000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7242000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5942999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47760000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21565614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12149006","display_name":"Metabolomics","level":2,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909408332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192423","display_name":"Niacinamide","level":4,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020225094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80091","display_name":"Area under curve","level":3,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41074221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41074221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData mining","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11322515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12514820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a619fb18ca4a47f69539026566284e71","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a619fb18ca4a47f69539026566284e71","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-41 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00486-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415028932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415028932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192347846","https://openalex.org/W1573296548","https://openalex.org/W1980943088","https://openalex.org/W1987100797","https://openalex.org/W1993216154","https://openalex.org/W2013885787","https://openalex.org/W2021717613","https://openalex.org/W2038969653","https://openalex.org/W2043012400","https://openalex.org/W2125459357","https://openalex.org/W2168081761","https://openalex.org/W2172238468","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2334791991","https://openalex.org/W2417420127","https://openalex.org/W2521207867","https://openalex.org/W2573137292","https://openalex.org/W2592806184","https://openalex.org/W2613574304","https://openalex.org/W2791315675","https://openalex.org/W2791549657","https://openalex.org/W2884539046","https://openalex.org/W2901857397","https://openalex.org/W2902652978","https://openalex.org/W2963589681","https://openalex.org/W2964278775","https://openalex.org/W2971236179","https://openalex.org/W3032158266","https://openalex.org/W3038545725","https://openalex.org/W3042541362","https://openalex.org/W3083835257","https://openalex.org/W3112212292","https://openalex.org/W3127432888","https://openalex.org/W3139236016","https://openalex.org/W3173256495","https://openalex.org/W3176714582","https://openalex.org/W3180392870","https://openalex.org/W3216823025","https://openalex.org/W4200482766","https://openalex.org/W4206809268","https://openalex.org/W4211146119","https://openalex.org/W4220878551","https://openalex.org/W4224222011","https://openalex.org/W4224237196","https://openalex.org/W4224988823","https://openalex.org/W4226022694","https://openalex.org/W4230167402","https://openalex.org/W4280561618","https://openalex.org/W4291515362","https://openalex.org/W4293368063","https://openalex.org/W4295309494","https://openalex.org/W4302299286","https://openalex.org/W4304084108","https://openalex.org/W4306406529","https://openalex.org/W4311497161","https://openalex.org/W4313245569","https://openalex.org/W4317426771","https://openalex.org/W4318042053","https://openalex.org/W4362560649","https://openalex.org/W4366292944","https://openalex.org/W4366545131","https://openalex.org/W4378229013","https://openalex.org/W4379052745","https://openalex.org/W4385342469","https://openalex.org/W4389090142","https://openalex.org/W4390085691","https://openalex.org/W4390235437","https://openalex.org/W4390607461","https://openalex.org/W4390675171","https://openalex.org/W4391445420","https://openalex.org/W4392125974","https://openalex.org/W4392805917","https://openalex.org/W4392882189","https://openalex.org/W4392946440","https://openalex.org/W4393165097","https://openalex.org/W4393851152","https://openalex.org/W4393935425","https://openalex.org/W4394744896","https://openalex.org/W4395695458","https://openalex.org/W4397033061","https://openalex.org/W4399184439","https://openalex.org/W4399716550","https://openalex.org/W4401075012","https://openalex.org/W4401189128","https://openalex.org/W4402188492","https://openalex.org/W4403107764","https://openalex.org/W4403680198","https://openalex.org/W4405260034","https://openalex.org/W4405440250","https://openalex.org/W4405849256","https://openalex.org/W4406117890","https://openalex.org/W4406143152","https://openalex.org/W4406155699","https://openalex.org/W4406211724","https://openalex.org/W4406584395","https://openalex.org/W4406606016","https://openalex.org/W4406737295","https://openalex.org/W4407268594","https://openalex.org/W4409116767","https://openalex.org/W4409409285","https://openalex.org/W4410301869"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Gastric":[1],"Cancer":[2],"remains":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,58,109,119,161,171,179],"the":[6,78,86,91,94,177,194],"most":[7,87],"prevalent":[8],"cancers":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"with":[11,137,168],"its":[12],"prognosis":[13],"heavily":[14],"reliant":[15],"on":[16,202],"early":[17],"detection.":[18],"Traditional":[19],"GC":[20],"diagnostic":[21],"methods":[22],"are":[23],"invasive":[24],"and":[25,66,113,121,125,147,159,164,173,190],"risky,":[26],"prompting":[27],"interest":[28],"in":[29],"non-invasive":[30,43],"alternatives":[31],"that":[32],"could":[33],"enhance":[34],"outcomes.":[35],"METHOD:":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"study,":[39],"we":[40,76],"introduce":[41],"a":[42,82,101,116],"approach,":[44],"World":[45,79],"Hyper-heuristic":[46],"Fuzzy":[47,102],"Deep":[48,103],"Learning,":[49],"for":[50,68],"gastric":[51,138],"cancer":[52],"prediction":[53],"using":[54,184],"metabolomics.":[55],"Metabolomics":[56],"profiles":[57],"plasma":[59],"samples":[60],"from":[61,90],"702":[62],"individuals":[63],"were":[64,97,182],"obtained":[65],"used":[67],"classification.":[69],"To":[70],"apply":[71],"an":[72,156,169,174],"efficient":[73],"feature":[74,123],"selection,":[75],"employed":[77],"Hyper":[80],"Heuristic,":[81],"metaheuristic":[83],"to":[84],"extract":[85],"relevant":[88],"features":[89],"dataset.":[92],"Subsequently,":[93],"extracted":[95],"data":[96],"classified":[98],"by":[99],"implementing":[100],"Neural":[104],"Network.":[105],"RESULTS:":[106],"The":[107,149,197],"performance":[108],"WHFDL":[110,150],"was":[111],"assessed":[112],"compared":[114],"against":[115],"comprehensive":[117],"set":[118],"classical":[120],"state-of-the-art":[122],"selection":[124],"classification":[126],"algorithms.":[127],"Our":[128],"results":[129],"highlighted":[130],"six":[131],"key":[132],"metabolites":[133],"as":[134],"biomarkers":[135],"associated":[136],"cancer:":[139],"(1-Methyladenosine,":[140],"C18-Carnitine,":[141],"Guanidineacetic":[142],"acid,":[143],"Hypoxanthine,":[144],"Nicotinamide":[145],"mononucleotide,":[146],"Succinate).":[148],"outperformed":[151],"all":[152],"other":[153],"classifiers,":[154],"achieving":[155],"F1-score,":[157],"recall":[158],"precision":[160],"94%,":[162,165],"93%":[163],"respectively,":[166],"along":[167],"accuracy":[170],"94%":[172],"Area":[175],"Under":[176],"Curve":[178],"0.9384.":[180],"Interpretability":[181],"analyzed":[183],"SHAP,":[185],"LIME,":[186],"IG":[187],"calibration":[188],"analysis,":[189],"adversarial":[191],"testing,":[192],"demonstrating":[193],"model's":[195],"transparency.":[196],"source":[198],"code":[199],"is":[200],"available":[201],"(":[203],"https://github.com/arman-daliri/WHFDL":[204],").":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-09-02T07:38:04.252551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}