{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413362561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","title":"A simple guide to the use of Student\u2019s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test in biostatistics","display_name":"A simple guide to the use of Student\u2019s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test in biostatistics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413362561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40835959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011556172","display_name":"Davide Chicco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-7142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["CA","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davide Chicco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. davide.chicco@unimib.it","Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. davide.chicco@unimib.it","Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-7142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. davide.chicco@unimib.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. davide.chicco@unimib.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119363740","display_name":"Andrea Sichenze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Sichenze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5896-5697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090829168","display_name":"Giuseppe Jurman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-5728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339471597","display_name":"Humanitas University","ror":"https://ror.org/020dggs04","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1339471597"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Jurman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy","Humanitas University, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-5728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Humanitas University, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1339471597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011556172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":36.8831,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99937081,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"56","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13937","display_name":"Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13937","display_name":"Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9528999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9510999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.7623943090438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biostatistics","display_name":"Biostatistics","score":0.7374846935272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-hypothesis","display_name":"Null hypothesis","score":0.6458463668823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/univariate","display_name":"Univariate","score":0.6443164348602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kruskal\u2013wallis-one-way-analysis-of-variance","display_name":"Kruskal\u2013Wallis one-way analysis of variance","score":0.6114087104797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mann\u2013whitney-u-test","display_name":"Mann\u2013Whitney U test","score":0.5823578834533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.5813037753105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5690181255340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chi-square-test","display_name":"Chi-square test","score":0.48646780848503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4672391712665558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4334036409854889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34639620780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34252238273620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3419485092163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33471494913101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.13514164090156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11183792352676392}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7623943090438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140556311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214746","display_name":"Biostatistics","level":3,"score":0.7374846935272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191988596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628374","display_name":"Null hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.6458463668823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.6443164348602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97600891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790302","display_name":"Kruskal\u2013Wallis one-way analysis of variance","level":3,"score":0.6114087104797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12868164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424533","display_name":"Mann\u2013Whitney U test","level":2,"score":0.5823578834533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.5813037753105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5690181255340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32809988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071004","display_name":"Chi-square test","level":2,"score":0.48646780848503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4672391712665558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4334036409854889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34639620780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34252238273620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3419485092163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33471494913101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.13514164090156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11183792352676392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40835959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40835959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData mining","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/566642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/566642","pdf_url":"https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/566642/1/Chicco%20et%20al-2025-BioData%20Mining-VoR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12366075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12366075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BioData Min","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8348dfb314f84ddf8c956b76dddf9d99","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8348dfb314f84ddf8c956b76dddf9d99","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-51 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1303340219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","funder_display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1941997073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023-2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2929079224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023\u20102027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0341vw408"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413362561.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413362561.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536719639","https://openalex.org/W1970878873","https://openalex.org/W1970971662","https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W1981806220","https://openalex.org/W2000767519","https://openalex.org/W2018913979","https://openalex.org/W2031648200","https://openalex.org/W2036318837","https://openalex.org/W2041282815","https://openalex.org/W2046038200","https://openalex.org/W2059045839","https://openalex.org/W2074466695","https://openalex.org/W2095720871","https://openalex.org/W2120307462","https://openalex.org/W2151070032","https://openalex.org/W2162020807","https://openalex.org/W2164005910","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2169910187","https://openalex.org/W2259586633","https://openalex.org/W2464948084","https://openalex.org/W2583878310","https://openalex.org/W2594680950","https://openalex.org/W2605561891","https://openalex.org/W2606652456","https://openalex.org/W2736848882","https://openalex.org/W2790524470","https://openalex.org/W2790947453","https://openalex.org/W2885378845","https://openalex.org/W2888505858","https://openalex.org/W2888595519","https://openalex.org/W2889989836","https://openalex.org/W2906149043","https://openalex.org/W2907421292","https://openalex.org/W2922853138","https://openalex.org/W2923251058","https://openalex.org/W2934399013","https://openalex.org/W2943551615","https://openalex.org/W2945044133","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2946140704","https://openalex.org/W2955989341","https://openalex.org/W2978066285","https://openalex.org/W2979345840","https://openalex.org/W3006662022","https://openalex.org/W3007816164","https://openalex.org/W3010945647","https://openalex.org/W3027548201","https://openalex.org/W3034855204","https://openalex.org/W3089502740","https://openalex.org/W3090466205","https://openalex.org/W3095911688","https://openalex.org/W3118813946","https://openalex.org/W3135646190","https://openalex.org/W4200481829","https://openalex.org/W4226297750","https://openalex.org/W4229002887","https://openalex.org/W4230065791","https://openalex.org/W4281384552","https://openalex.org/W4295560443","https://openalex.org/W4307276872","https://openalex.org/W4322213275","https://openalex.org/W4372351300","https://openalex.org/W4378974924","https://openalex.org/W4385240999","https://openalex.org/W4387406923","https://openalex.org/W4392160170","https://openalex.org/W4392168772","https://openalex.org/W4392429795","https://openalex.org/W4392857193","https://openalex.org/W4396582161","https://openalex.org/W4398690717","https://openalex.org/W4399506593","https://openalex.org/W4400317341","https://openalex.org/W4400324874","https://openalex.org/W4401728313","https://openalex.org/W4403104825","https://openalex.org/W4403837214","https://openalex.org/W4404467402","https://openalex.org/W4404931607","https://openalex.org/W4406262637","https://openalex.org/W4406262645","https://openalex.org/W4406263634","https://openalex.org/W4406409917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985750735","https://openalex.org/W1510833811","https://openalex.org/W3034825584","https://openalex.org/W4303683733","https://openalex.org/W4400402262","https://openalex.org/W4399638252","https://openalex.org/W4378831248","https://openalex.org/W4409143952","https://openalex.org/W2953458853","https://openalex.org/W4413362561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"an":[1],"age":[2],"when":[3,173],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"and":[6,19,22,60,124,132,141,156,174,217],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"are":[9,95],"broadly":[10],"employed,":[11],"traditional":[12],"statistics":[13],"can":[14,45,73,127,191,211],"still":[15],"provide":[16],"insightful":[17],"information":[18],"results":[20,131,160],"quickly":[21],"at":[23],"a":[24,38,75,87,138,193],"low":[25],"computational":[26],"cost.":[27],"Statistics,":[28],"in":[29,100,209],"fact,":[30],"offers":[31],"many":[32],"useful":[33],"tools":[34],"to":[35,114,117,129,144,166,176],"researchers,":[36],"including":[37,68],"series":[39],"of":[40,50,147,185,225],"univariate":[41],"statistical":[42],"tests":[43,64,94,165],"that":[44,72],"identify":[46],"relationships":[47],"between":[48],"pairs":[49],"numeric":[51],"samples:":[52],"Student's":[53],"t-test,":[54],"Mann-Whitney":[55],"U":[56],"test,":[57,59],"Chi-squared":[58],"Kruskal-Wallis":[61],"test.":[62],"These":[63],"generate":[65],"several":[66],"outcomes,":[67],"probability":[69],"values":[70],"(p-values)":[71],"express":[74],"numerical":[76],"quantity":[77],"which":[78],"accepts":[79],"or":[80,98],"rejects":[81],"the":[82,101,122,145,159,182,186,223],"null":[83],"hypothesis,":[84],"based":[85,180],"on":[86,181,196],"certain":[88],"threshold":[89],"used.":[90],"Although":[91],"effective,":[92],"these":[93,148,164,205],"often":[96],"misused":[97],"employed":[99],"wrong":[102,133],"contexts,":[103],"especially":[104],"among":[105],"biostatistics":[106],"studies.":[107],"Many":[108],"scientific":[109,197,219,227],"researchers":[110,213],"do":[111],"not":[112],"seem":[113],"know":[115],"how":[116,175],"choose":[118],"one":[119],"test":[120,179],"over":[121],"others,":[123],"this":[125],"misuse":[126],"lead":[128],"incorrect":[130],"conclusions.":[134],"Here":[135],"we":[136,171],"present":[137],"simple":[139],"theoretical":[140,154],"practical":[142],"guide":[143],"use":[146,177],"four":[149],"tests,":[150],"first":[151],"describing":[152],"their":[153],"properties":[155],"then":[157],"displaying":[158],"obtained":[161],"by":[162,199],"applying":[163],"real-world":[167],"medical":[168],"datasets.":[169],"Eventually,":[170],"explain":[172],"each":[178],"data":[183],"types":[184],"samples":[187],"considered.":[188],"Our":[189,207],"study":[190],"have":[192],"strong":[194],"impact":[195],"research":[198],"potentially":[200],"influencing":[201],"future":[202],"studies":[203,228],"involving":[204],"tests.":[206],"recommendations,":[208],"turn,":[210],"help":[212],"produce":[214],"more":[215],"reliable":[216],"sound":[218],"results,":[220],"thus":[221],"increasing":[222],"quality":[224],"multiple":[226],"across":[229],"various":[230],"fields.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-09-01T08:31:24.195828","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
