{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409383210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","title":"Towards precision oncology: a multi-level cancer classification system integrating liquid biopsy and machine learning","display_name":"Towards precision oncology: a multi-level cancer classification system integrating liquid biopsy and machine learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409383210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40217526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071593085","display_name":"Amr Eledkawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2123-2295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Eledkawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, P.O. Box: 35516, Mansoura, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, P.O. Box: 35516, Mansoura, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047851200","display_name":"Taher Hamza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-8562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taher Hamza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, P.O. Box: 35516, Mansoura, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, P.O. Box: 35516, Mansoura, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016369604","display_name":"Sara El-Metwally","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159247623","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sara El-Metwally","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Informatics Department, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, New Mansoura University, Gamasa, 35712, Egypt. sarah_almetwally4@mans.edu.eg","Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, P.O. Box: 35516, Mansoura, Egypt. sarah_almetwally4@mans.edu.eg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Informatics Department, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, New Mansoura University, Gamasa, 35712, Egypt. sarah_almetwally4@mans.edu.eg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, P.O. Box: 35516, Mansoura, Egypt. sarah_almetwally4@mans.edu.eg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016369604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159247623"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":2.5247,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89567654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.23510000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10552","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-oncology","display_name":"Precision oncology","score":0.7521367073059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-biopsy","display_name":"Liquid biopsy","score":0.6205757856369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5254953503608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.4569133222103119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-medicine","display_name":"Precision medicine","score":0.45362111926078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44631534814834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biopsy","display_name":"Biopsy","score":0.4456760883331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.422383189201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.41681334376335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39513397216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.3694763779640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oncology","display_name":"Oncology","score":0.3568490743637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.33097463846206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.19258129596710205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020497934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision oncology","level":3,"score":0.7521367073059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22349364","display_name":"Liquid biopsy","level":3,"score":0.6205757856369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5254953503608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4569133222103119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.45362111926078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44631534814834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775934546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179991","display_name":"Biopsy","level":2,"score":0.4456760883331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.422383189201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.41681334376335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39513397216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3694763779640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.3568490743637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.33097463846206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.19258129596710205}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11987386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11987386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Min","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40217526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40217526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData mining","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4734e790466a4667937736fc24ebccc7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4734e790466a4667937736fc24ebccc7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-44 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","pdf_url":"https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13040-025-00439-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84409260","display_name":"BioData Mining","issn_l":"1756-0381","issn":["1756-0381"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BioData Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325716","display_name":"Mansoura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k8vtd75"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409383210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409383210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W435157458","https://openalex.org/W1968812902","https://openalex.org/W1973851079","https://openalex.org/W1976364950","https://openalex.org/W1987552279","https://openalex.org/W2020089616","https://openalex.org/W2054681463","https://openalex.org/W2057441785","https://openalex.org/W2088794999","https://openalex.org/W2089282851","https://openalex.org/W2096451472","https://openalex.org/W2101807845","https://openalex.org/W2123207045","https://openalex.org/W2219857805","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2585958134","https://openalex.org/W2597886184","https://openalex.org/W2625609557","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2783674487","https://openalex.org/W2886963239","https://openalex.org/W2888898286","https://openalex.org/W2906894504","https://openalex.org/W2942929308","https://openalex.org/W2946439493","https://openalex.org/W2947989913","https://openalex.org/W2961229668","https://openalex.org/W2965500016","https://openalex.org/W2980183989","https://openalex.org/W2982671811","https://openalex.org/W2985757832","https://openalex.org/W2990870977","https://openalex.org/W2991166240","https://openalex.org/W2994783399","https://openalex.org/W2996713777","https://openalex.org/W2999987832","https://openalex.org/W3015461837","https://openalex.org/W3043293280","https://openalex.org/W3097144723","https://openalex.org/W3122907156","https://openalex.org/W3128646645","https://openalex.org/W4200029159","https://openalex.org/W4220820123","https://openalex.org/W4224314705","https://openalex.org/W4243150065","https://openalex.org/W4282557623","https://openalex.org/W4284973298","https://openalex.org/W4309613842","https://openalex.org/W4310137770","https://openalex.org/W4313563685","https://openalex.org/W4320487090","https://openalex.org/W4364379153","https://openalex.org/W4402664569","https://openalex.org/W4405241443","https://openalex.org/W4405695069","https://openalex.org/W4406015449","https://openalex.org/W4406195073","https://openalex.org/W4406727181","https://openalex.org/W6676769703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751417344","https://openalex.org/W4392240901","https://openalex.org/W4224251126","https://openalex.org/W4390733788","https://openalex.org/W2518490793","https://openalex.org/W4405421352","https://openalex.org/W4388450345","https://openalex.org/W4200579603","https://openalex.org/W4389462258","https://openalex.org/W4380786209"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Millions":[1],"of":[2,153,158,163,194],"people":[3],"die":[4],"from":[5],"cancer":[6,10,33,48,77,129],"every":[7],"year.":[8],"Early":[9],"detection":[11],"is":[12,72,85],"crucial":[13],"for":[14,24,74,127],"ensuring":[15],"higher":[16],"survival":[17],"rates,":[18],"as":[19],"it":[20],"provides":[21],"an":[22,134,151,156],"opportunity":[23],"timely":[25,216],"medical":[26,217],"interventions.":[27,218],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"proposes":[30],"a":[31,64,75],"multi-level":[32],"classification":[34,67],"system":[35,62,145],"that":[36],"uses":[37],"plasma":[38],"cfDNA/ctDNA":[39],"mutations":[40],"and":[41,57,106,122,155,169],"protein":[42],"biomarkers":[43,190],"to":[44,139,211],"identify":[45],"seven":[46],"distinct":[47],"types:":[49],"colorectal,":[50],"breast,":[51],"upper":[52],"gastrointestinal,":[53],"lung,":[54],"pancreas,":[55],"ovarian,":[56],"liver.":[58],"RESULTS:":[59],"The":[60,143,188,201],"proposed":[61,144],"employs":[63],"multi-stage":[65],"binary":[66],"framework":[68],"where":[69],"each":[70,128],"stage":[71],"customized":[73,126],"specific":[76],"type.":[78],"A":[79],"majority":[80],"vote":[81],"feature":[82,90,111],"selection":[83,112],"process":[84],"employed":[86],"by":[87],"combining":[88],"six":[89],"selectors:":[91],"Information":[92],"Value,":[93],"Chi-Square,":[94],"Random":[95,118],"Forest":[96],"Feature":[97,101,104],"Importance,":[98,102],"Extra":[99,120],"Tree":[100],"Recursive":[103],"Elimination,":[105],"L1":[107],"Regularization.":[108],"Following":[109],"the":[110,164,166,170,181,192,195],"process,":[113],"classifiers-including":[114],"eXtreme":[115],"Gradient":[116],"Boosting,":[117],"Forest,":[119],"Tree,":[121],"Quadratic":[123],"Discriminant":[124],"Analysis-are":[125],"type":[130],"individually":[131],"or":[132],"in":[133,173,207],"ensemble":[135],"soft":[136],"voting":[137],"setup":[138],"optimize":[140],"predictive":[141],"accuracy.":[142],"outperformed":[146],"previously":[147],"published":[148],"results,":[149,165],"achieving":[150],"AUC":[152],"98.2%":[154],"accuracy":[157],"96.21%.":[159],"To":[160],"ensure":[161],"reproducibility":[162],"trained":[167],"models":[168],"dataset":[171],"used":[172],"this":[174],"study":[175],"are":[176],"made":[177],"publicly":[178],"available":[179],"via":[180],"GitHub":[182],"repository":[183],"(":[184],"https://github.com/SaraEl-Metwally/Towards-Precision-Oncology":[185],").":[186],"CONCLUSION:":[187],"identified":[189],"enhance":[191],"interpretability":[193],"diagnosis,":[196],"facilitating":[197],"more":[198],"informed":[199],"decision-making.":[200],"system's":[202],"performance":[203],"underscores":[204],"its":[205],"effectiveness":[206],"tissue":[208],"localization,":[209],"contributing":[210],"improved":[212],"patient":[213],"outcomes":[214],"through":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}