{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167251597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","title":"Explainable AI machine learning framework for chronic kidney disease prediction utilizing electronic health records","display_name":"Explainable AI machine learning framework for chronic kidney disease prediction utilizing electronic health records","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167251597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42399867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108089136","display_name":"Muhammad Rizwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9735-1743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349156","display_name":"University of Haripur","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtb1235","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rizwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9735-1743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063059703","display_name":"Rashid Naseem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-8100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349156","display_name":"University of Haripur","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtb1235","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashid Naseem","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-8100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086183753","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3307-8352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349156","display_name":"University of Haripur","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtb1235","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125301","display_name":"Health Awareness (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03cc5yw72","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125301"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ahmad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22600, Pakistan","Voltaware Ltd., Vintage House, 36-37 Albert Embankment, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3307-8352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Voltaware Ltd., Vintage House, 36-37 Albert Embankment, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066501193","display_name":"Arshad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-8365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45998257","display_name":"Sohar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ftvf862","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arshad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and IT, Sohar University, P.O. Box 311, Sohar, Oman"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-8365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and IT, Sohar University, P.O. Box 311, Sohar, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114513169","display_name":"Muhammad Fozan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349156","display_name":"University of Haripur","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtb1235","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Fozan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber PakhtunkhwaState, 22600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1645-4127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang, Haripur, Khyber PakhtunkhwaState, 22600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061889303","display_name":"Nazeer Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-9854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179311214","display_name":"Gulf University for Science & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d9rzd67","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nazeer Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Systems Engineering, Program for Data Science and AI, Abdullah Al Salem University, Khaldiya, Kuwait. nazeer.muhammad@aasu.edu.kw"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-9854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Systems Engineering, Program for Data Science and AI, Abdullah Al Salem University, Khaldiya, Kuwait. nazeer.muhammad@aasu.edu.kw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061889303"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72123821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.5896999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.5896999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.10809999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.051899999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7605999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kidney-disease","display_name":"Kidney disease","score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.5931000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.3833000063896179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7771000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7605999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7601000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Kidney disease","level":2,"score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.5931000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154874363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518464","display_name":"Medical classification","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093743","descriptor_name":"Random Forest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098404","descriptor_name":"Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098404","descriptor_name":"Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098404","descriptor_name":"Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098429","descriptor_name":"Classification Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098429","descriptor_name":"Classification Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098429","descriptor_name":"Classification Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098971","descriptor_name":"Data Analytics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098971","descriptor_name":"Data Analytics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098971","descriptor_name":"Data Analytics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051436","descriptor_name":"Renal Insufficiency, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051436","descriptor_name":"Renal Insufficiency, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051436","descriptor_name":"Renal Insufficiency, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42399867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42399867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cda7c93b1cf6461cbea2feec9758f94d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cda7c93b1cf6461cbea2feec9758f94d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13340084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13340084/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03602-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6720293760299683}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1958727675","https://openalex.org/W1973002697","https://openalex.org/W2051488714","https://openalex.org/W2053521346","https://openalex.org/W2464795325","https://openalex.org/W2567428798","https://openalex.org/W2595886816","https://openalex.org/W2741868759","https://openalex.org/W2897257410","https://openalex.org/W2915257975","https://openalex.org/W2933013505","https://openalex.org/W2942371254","https://openalex.org/W2955086442","https://openalex.org/W2970562883","https://openalex.org/W2971795981","https://openalex.org/W2980706964","https://openalex.org/W3011408237","https://openalex.org/W3046046252","https://openalex.org/W3083333176","https://openalex.org/W3095099370","https://openalex.org/W3125584267","https://openalex.org/W3141781096","https://openalex.org/W3159345191","https://openalex.org/W3198897768","https://openalex.org/W3199916091","https://openalex.org/W3217392036","https://openalex.org/W4206512547","https://openalex.org/W4220734654","https://openalex.org/W4224252880","https://openalex.org/W4280494793","https://openalex.org/W4288446807","https://openalex.org/W4293821362","https://openalex.org/W4295797491","https://openalex.org/W4319993048","https://openalex.org/W4362500811","https://openalex.org/W4372354831","https://openalex.org/W4386300775","https://openalex.org/W4391167466","https://openalex.org/W4391820319","https://openalex.org/W4392085504","https://openalex.org/W4392145600","https://openalex.org/W4392177337","https://openalex.org/W4392777592","https://openalex.org/W4393867767","https://openalex.org/W4398158892","https://openalex.org/W4399159797","https://openalex.org/W4399254028","https://openalex.org/W4399263341","https://openalex.org/W4403103547","https://openalex.org/W4407830937","https://openalex.org/W4409668164","https://openalex.org/W4411410040","https://openalex.org/W4412042266","https://openalex.org/W6926123986","https://openalex.org/W6940039518","https://openalex.org/W7123358135"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Chronic":[1],"Kidney":[2,70],"Disease":[3],"(CKD)":[4],"is":[5,16,28,282],"one":[6],"of":[7,60,188,232,250,288],"the":[8,13,103,182,230,248,286],"significant":[9,194],"health":[10,56],"issues":[11],"in":[12,30,253,313],"world":[14],"which":[15],"usually":[17],"unnoticeable":[18],"and":[19,24,65,90,100,108,115,127,141,153,165,212,218,239,243,262,273,306],"afterwards":[20],"causes":[21],"greater":[22],"morbidity":[23],"mortality.":[25],"Timely":[26],"intervention":[27],"important":[29],"early":[31,310],"diagnosis":[32],"that":[33,279],"will":[34],"enhance":[35],"patient":[36],"outcomes.":[37],"METHODS:":[38],"This":[39,300],"study":[40],"proposes":[41],"an":[42,186],"explainable":[43],"artificial":[44],"intelligence":[45],"driven":[46,284],"machine":[47],"learning":[48],"(ML)":[49],"framework":[50,259],"for":[51,265,309],"CKD":[52,64,254,266,311],"prediction":[53],"using":[54,75,112,124,147,160,237],"electronic":[55],"records.":[57],"A":[58],"dataset":[59],"398":[61],"patients":[62],"(241":[63],"157":[66],"non-CKD)":[67],"from":[68],"Pakistan":[69],"Center,":[71],"Abbottabad,":[72],"was":[73,122,145,158],"analyzed":[74],"multiple":[76,293],"models,":[77,180,198],"including":[78],"logistic":[79],"regression,":[80],"decision":[81],"tree,":[82],"k-nearest":[83],"neighbors,":[84],"gradient":[85],"boosting,":[86],"CatBoost,":[87],"AdaBoost,":[88],"XGBoost,":[89],"random":[91],"forest":[92],"(RF).":[93],"Feature":[94],"selection":[95],"methods":[96],"mutual":[97],"information,":[98],"DT,":[99],"RF":[101,183],"identified":[102,205],"most":[104],"informative":[105],"clinical":[106,290,314],"variables,":[107],"experiments":[109],"were":[110],"conducted":[111],"both":[113],"full":[114],"top":[116],"10":[117],"feature":[118,224],"subsets.":[119],"Model":[120,156,235],"performance":[121,177,264,281],"evaluated":[123],"stratified":[125],"5-fold":[126],"10-fold":[128],"cross-validation":[129],"with":[130,181],"metrics":[131],"such":[132],"as":[133],"accuracy,":[134,139],"precision,":[135],"recall,":[136],"F1-score,":[137],"balanced":[138],"MCC,":[140],"AUC.":[142],"Statistical":[143,190],"validation":[144,272],"performed":[146],"confidence":[148],"intervals,":[149],"McNemar's":[150],"test,":[151],"ANOVA,":[152],"Tukey":[154],"HSD.":[155],"interpretability":[157,236],"achieved":[159],"Hapley":[161],"Additive":[162],"exPlanations":[163],"(SHAP)":[164],"Local":[166],"Interpretable":[167],"Model-agnostic":[168],"Explanations":[169],"(LIME).":[170],"RESULTS:":[171],"The":[172,222,257,276],"results":[173],"demonstrated":[174],"consistently":[175],"high":[176],"across":[178],"all":[179],"model":[184],"achieving":[185],"accuracy":[187],"98%.":[189],"analysis":[191,204],"revealed":[192],"no":[193],"differences":[195],"among":[196],"top-performing":[197],"indicating":[199],"comparable":[200,298],"predictive":[201,280],"capabilities.":[202],"Feature-level":[203],"key":[206],"biomarkers-estimated":[207],"glomerular":[208],"filtration":[209],"rate,":[210],"creatinine,":[211],"urea-as":[213],"having":[214],"large":[215],"effect":[216],"sizes":[217],"strong":[219],"discriminative":[220],"power.":[221],"reduced":[223],"set":[225],"maintained":[226],"competitive":[227],"performance,":[228],"highlighting":[229],"efficiency":[231],"selected":[233,289],"variables.":[234],"SHAP":[238],"LIME":[240],"provided":[241],"transparent":[242],"clinically":[244],"meaningful":[245],"insights,":[246],"confirming":[247],"importance":[249],"these":[251],"features":[252],"prediction.":[255],"CONCLUSION:":[256],"proposed":[258],"demonstrates":[260],"robust":[261],"reliable":[263],"prediction,":[267],"supported":[268],"by":[269,285],"comprehensive":[270],"statistical":[271],"explainability":[274],"analysis.":[275],"findings":[277],"indicate":[278],"primarily":[283],"strength":[287],"features,":[291],"enabling":[292],"ML":[294],"models":[295],"to":[296],"achieve":[297],"results.":[299],"approach":[301],"offers":[302],"a":[303],"practical,":[304],"interpretable,":[305],"generalizable":[307],"solution":[308],"detection":[312],"settings.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-07-04T00:00:00"}
