{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153519645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","title":"Synthetic cervical spine radiographs: expert validation and transfer learning for low-data settings","display_name":"Synthetic cervical spine radiographs: expert validation and transfer learning for low-data settings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153519645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41965677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130667355","display_name":"Austin Barr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Austin A. Barr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. austin.barr@ucalgary.ca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. austin.barr@ucalgary.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133436257","display_name":"Brij S. Karmur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brij S. Karmur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079008873","display_name":"Anthony Winder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9650-5526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony J. Winder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055460485","display_name":"Eddie Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7223-0505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eddie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041146002","display_name":"John T. Lysack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-7965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John T. Lysack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133399597","display_name":"James N. Scott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James N. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133396031","display_name":"William F. Morrish","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William F. Morrish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089131804","display_name":"Muneer Eesa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5297-9618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muneer Eesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001920016","display_name":"Morgan Willson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgan Willson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069282912","display_name":"David W. Cadotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-5903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W. Cadotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089528074","display_name":"Michael Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-3510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael M. H. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133415996","display_name":"Ian Y. M. Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Y. M. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130645042","display_name":"Sanju Lama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanju Lama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063516601","display_name":"Garnette R. Sutherland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5114-3827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garnette R. Sutherland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Project neuroArm, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130667355"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41568705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.5042999982833862,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.5042999982833862,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11518","display_name":"Cervical and Thoracic Myelopathy","score":0.22499999403953552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-spine","display_name":"Cervical spine","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telemedicine","display_name":"Telemedicine","score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-transfer","display_name":"Knowledge transfer","score":0.32760000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985379065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900457","display_name":"Cervical spine","level":2,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779891985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46994","display_name":"Telemedicine","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776960227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2586354","display_name":"Knowledge transfer","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098410","descriptor_name":"Transfer Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098410","descriptor_name":"Transfer Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098410","descriptor_name":"Transfer Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002574","descriptor_name":"Cervical Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002574","descriptor_name":"Cervical Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002574","descriptor_name":"Cervical Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41965677","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41965677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61007821ca704f60bf79f4164ebf08bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61007821ca704f60bf79f4164ebf08bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13185266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13185266/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03479-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606824532","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1983005394","https://openalex.org/W2925288829","https://openalex.org/W2955082324","https://openalex.org/W3007935259","https://openalex.org/W3015688825","https://openalex.org/W3042526937","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3192478323","https://openalex.org/W4200135460","https://openalex.org/W4306175122","https://openalex.org/W4319826310","https://openalex.org/W4365134996","https://openalex.org/W4394659038","https://openalex.org/W4398181487","https://openalex.org/W4398881885","https://openalex.org/W4399641997","https://openalex.org/W4402392401","https://openalex.org/W4406537612","https://openalex.org/W4407174976","https://openalex.org/W4407862066","https://openalex.org/W4408099290","https://openalex.org/W4408941117","https://openalex.org/W4410024094","https://openalex.org/W4411910806","https://openalex.org/W4413221093","https://openalex.org/W4413258300","https://openalex.org/W6973911788","https://openalex.org/W7095006780","https://openalex.org/W7125801086"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Application":[1],"of":[2,14,126,201,213,281],"machine":[3],"learning":[4,63],"(ML)":[5],"in":[6,27,68,211,290,325],"neuroimaging":[7],"is":[8],"often":[9],"constrained":[10],"by":[11,30,153],"the":[12,80,119,124,175,191,208,243,253,262,272,294,298],"difficulty":[13],"assembling,":[15],"sharing,":[16],"and":[17,55,96,111,122,138,165,194,232,235,293,329],"utilizing":[18],"large,":[19],"high-quality":[20],"datasets.":[21],"Synthetic":[22],"data":[23,59,340],"may":[24],"address":[25],"limitations":[26],"traditional":[28],"data-sharing":[29],"enabling":[31],"privacy-preserving":[32],"image":[33,105,128,150,210],"generation":[34],"at":[35,279,302],"scale.":[36,133],"We":[37,72,156,312],"evaluated":[38],"whether:":[39],"(1)":[40],"a":[41,74,130,143,167,183],"denoising":[42],"diffusion":[43],"probabilistic":[44],"model":[45,296],"(DDPM)":[46],"could":[47,60],"generate":[48,87],"realistic":[49],"synthetic":[50,58,88,113,163,192,233,256,273,314],"lateral":[51],"cervical":[52,315],"spine":[53,98,316],"radiographs,":[54],"(2)":[56],"whether":[57],"support":[61],"transfer":[62],"for":[64,160,334],"anatomical":[65],"landmark":[66,335],"localization":[67,336],"low-data":[69,291],"settings.":[70],"METHODS:":[71],"trained":[73,166],"DDPM":[75],"on":[76,129,174,198],"4,963":[77],"radiographs":[78,317],"from":[79,190,271,322],"Cervical":[81,176],"Spine":[82],"X-ray":[83,178],"Atlas":[84],"(CSXA)":[85],"to":[86,117],"images.":[89,114],"Blinded":[90],"expert":[91,327],"validation":[92],"involved":[93],"six":[94],"neuroradiologists":[95],"two":[97],"fellowship-trained":[99],"neurosurgeons":[100],"reviewing":[101],"50":[102],"randomly":[103],"selected":[104],"quartets,":[106],"each":[107,127],"containing":[108],"one":[109],"real":[110,120,209,231,323],"three":[112],"Experts":[115,205],"attempted":[116],"identify":[118],"scan":[121],"rated":[123],"realism":[125,224],"four-point":[131],"Likert":[132],"To":[134],"assess":[135],"privacy":[136],"preservation":[137],"potential":[139],"memorization,":[140],"we":[141],"performed":[142,173],"real-synthetic":[144,247],"nearest-neighbor":[145],"search":[146],"using":[147,182],"vision":[148],"transformer":[149],"embeddings":[151],"ranked":[152],"cosine":[154],"similarity.":[155],"then":[157],"generated":[158],"pseudolandmarks":[159],"our":[161],"curated":[162],"dataset":[164,181,257],"landmark-localization":[168],"backbone.":[169],"External":[170],"evaluation":[171],"was":[172,240,288],"Lateral":[177],"34-point":[179],"(CLX-34)":[180],"directly":[184],"matched":[185,283],"22-landmark":[186],"task,":[187],"comparing":[188],"fine-tuning":[189,270],"backbone":[193,274],"de":[195,276],"novo":[196,277],"training":[197,278,284],"increasing":[199],"amounts":[200],"CLX-34":[202,264],"data.":[203],"RESULTS:":[204],"correctly":[206],"identified":[207,241],"29.0%":[212],"trials,":[214],"with":[215],"low":[216],"inter-rater":[217],"agreement":[218],"(Fleiss\u2019":[219],"\u03ba":[220],"=":[221,268,304],"0.061).":[222],"Mean":[223],"ratings":[225],"did":[226],"not":[227],"differ":[228],"significantly":[229],"between":[230],"images,":[234],"no":[236],"visually":[237],"explicit":[238],"memorization":[239],"among":[242],"100":[244],"most":[245],"similar":[246],"pairs.":[248],"After":[249],"manual":[250],"quality":[251],"control,":[252],"final":[254],"released":[255],"comprised":[258],"20,063":[259],"radiographs.":[260],"On":[261],"external":[263,338],"test":[265],"set":[266],"(n":[267],"374),":[269],"outperformed":[275],"6":[280],"7":[282],"sizes.":[285],"The":[286],"advantage":[287],"greatest":[289],"settings,":[292],"fine-tuned":[295],"achieved":[297],"best":[299],"overall":[300],"performance":[301],"n":[303],"700":[305],"(mean":[306],"MSE":[307],"4.37":[308],"vs.":[309],"7.42).":[310],"CONCLUSIONS:":[311],"present":[313],"that":[318,330],"are":[319,341],"statistically":[320],"indistinguishable":[321],"scans":[324],"blinded":[326],"review":[328],"provide":[331],"useful":[332],"initialization":[333],"when":[337],"labeled":[339],"limited.":[342]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2026-04-12T00:00:00"}