{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135056917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","title":"Natural language processing for geriatric syndromes: a systematic review of methods, applications, and challenges","display_name":"Natural language processing for geriatric syndromes: a systematic review of methods, applications, and challenges","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135056917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41820951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128856996","display_name":"Fahrurrozi Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fahrurrozi Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. frahman@ed.ac.uk","School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. frahman@ed.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. frahman@ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. frahman@ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032944332","display_name":"Imane Guellil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151791","display_name":"Genomics (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/053a6xa29","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imane Guellil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Department of Cancer and Genomics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cancer and Genomics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799","https://openalex.org/I4210151791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128897738","display_name":"Abul Hasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abul Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK","Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101408514","display_name":"Huayu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-401X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109541847","display_name":"LifeArc","ror":"https://ror.org/01dqb0q37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109541847"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huayu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["LifeArc, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LifeArc, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109541847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082926904","display_name":"Mat\u00fa\u0161 Falis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7649-6251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mat\u00fa\u0161 Falis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Usher Institute, School of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usher Institute, School of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128876154","display_name":"Arlene Casey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arlene Casey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Usher Institute, School of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usher Institute, School of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128823942","display_name":"Honghan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK","School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128861729","display_name":"Bruce Guthrie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Guthrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043179000","display_name":"Beatrice Alex","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-1476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Alex","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Usher Institute, School of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usher Institute, School of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128856996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46387633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.7016000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.7016000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.06109999865293503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.05889999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5924000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-annotation","display_name":"Temporal annotation","score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-literature","display_name":"Grey literature","score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-records","display_name":"Health records","score":0.3686000108718872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5924000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7044111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15844891","display_name":"Temporal annotation","level":5,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777596629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858520","display_name":"Inclusion and exclusion criteria","level":3,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165141518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915126","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","level":3,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779500292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14802672","display_name":"Text processing","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191630685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027615","display_name":"Informatics","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005853","descriptor_name":"Geriatrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005853","descriptor_name":"Geriatrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013577","descriptor_name":"Syndrome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013577","descriptor_name":"Syndrome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015577","descriptor_name":"Geriatric Assessment","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015577","descriptor_name":"Geriatric Assessment","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41820951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41820951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/61b2ff14-c972-47e5-b8c3-3cc22c7f3c51","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/61b2ff14-c972-47e5-b8c3-3cc22c7f3c51","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rahman, F, Guellil, I, Hasan, A, Zhang, H, Falis, M, Casey, A, Wu, H, Guthrie, B & Alex, B 2026, 'Natural language processing for geriatric syndromes : a systematic review of methods, applications, and challenges', Bmc medical informatics and decision making. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7833577344a5471d97a0921127782a29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7833577344a5471d97a0921127782a29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13097797","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13097797/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03417-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7298157215118408,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79139011","https://openalex.org/W1886943398","https://openalex.org/W1972049047","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W2011833769","https://openalex.org/W2046913611","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2081033553","https://openalex.org/W2092170177","https://openalex.org/W2106368945","https://openalex.org/W2120032954","https://openalex.org/W2147461403","https://openalex.org/W2250883471","https://openalex.org/W2338526423","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2523473113","https://openalex.org/W2538951137","https://openalex.org/W2554140915","https://openalex.org/W2766009750","https://openalex.org/W2809705582","https://openalex.org/W2888015509","https://openalex.org/W2907554860","https://openalex.org/W2909322947","https://openalex.org/W2912971066","https://openalex.org/W2920854314","https://openalex.org/W2951927544","https://openalex.org/W2952789948","https://openalex.org/W2954884457","https://openalex.org/W2962766399","https://openalex.org/W2965082198","https://openalex.org/W2966351171","https://openalex.org/W2999259596","https://openalex.org/W3000817905","https://openalex.org/W3013047410","https://openalex.org/W3013605954","https://openalex.org/W3089044448","https://openalex.org/W3095585365","https://openalex.org/W3113300158","https://openalex.org/W3129922404","https://openalex.org/W3160182590","https://openalex.org/W3196675636","https://openalex.org/W3210471448","https://openalex.org/W3212450512","https://openalex.org/W3217102110","https://openalex.org/W4200588638","https://openalex.org/W4221109207","https://openalex.org/W4225154016","https://openalex.org/W4234577219","https://openalex.org/W4247903468","https://openalex.org/W4280578286","https://openalex.org/W4281383582","https://openalex.org/W4283578244","https://openalex.org/W4285253515","https://openalex.org/W4288988820","https://openalex.org/W4296333258","https://openalex.org/W4300772271","https://openalex.org/W4307224186","https://openalex.org/W4310386991","https://openalex.org/W4312058793","https://openalex.org/W4313439128","https://openalex.org/W4313627927","https://openalex.org/W4317750115","https://openalex.org/W4321783153","https://openalex.org/W4323537006","https://openalex.org/W4361836044","https://openalex.org/W4362521896","https://openalex.org/W4364355480","https://openalex.org/W4379352793","https://openalex.org/W4379467486","https://openalex.org/W4380028647","https://openalex.org/W4381093987","https://openalex.org/W4384025630","https://openalex.org/W4385299534","https://openalex.org/W4385501660","https://openalex.org/W4385571390","https://openalex.org/W4386141654","https://openalex.org/W4386387286","https://openalex.org/W4387097633","https://openalex.org/W4387781440","https://openalex.org/W4388011452","https://openalex.org/W4388051057","https://openalex.org/W4389577267","https://openalex.org/W4391021663","https://openalex.org/W4391224454","https://openalex.org/W4391837932","https://openalex.org/W4391888998","https://openalex.org/W4391994107","https://openalex.org/W4392342803","https://openalex.org/W4392646126","https://openalex.org/W4393363863","https://openalex.org/W4399714298","https://openalex.org/W4400351662","https://openalex.org/W4400383453","https://openalex.org/W4400459748","https://openalex.org/W4400607675","https://openalex.org/W4401357542","https://openalex.org/W4401752742","https://openalex.org/W4402338721","https://openalex.org/W4402594653","https://openalex.org/W4402646727","https://openalex.org/W4402764048","https://openalex.org/W4402877163","https://openalex.org/W4403353492","https://openalex.org/W4404761742","https://openalex.org/W4405244528"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Geriatric":[1],"syndromes":[2,265],"(GS)":[3],"are":[4],"complex":[5],"conditions":[6],"that":[7,108],"affect":[8],"older":[9],"adults":[10],"and":[11,46,66,74,84,120,123,147,179,188,202,227,246,266,279,286,310],"often":[12],"require":[13],"multidisciplinary":[14],"assessment.":[15],"Natural":[16],"language":[17],"processing":[18],"(NLP)":[19],"has":[20,254],"emerged":[21],"as":[22,229],"a":[23,98],"promising":[24],"tool":[25],"for":[26,128,261],"extracting":[27],"relevant":[28,124],"clinical":[29,148,315],"information":[30],"from":[31],"unstructured":[32],"text":[33],"in":[34,44,63,91,199,243,257,281],"electronic":[35],"health":[36],"records":[37],"(EHRs).":[38],"However,":[39,269],"the":[40,59,64,80,92,158,171,174,230,237,247,262,270,300],"application":[41],"of":[42,53,61,68,165,173,239,249,264,272,302],"NLP":[43,62,89,110,141,253,312],"detecting":[45],"monitoring":[47],"GS":[48,93,112,258,303],"remains":[49],"an":[50],"evolving":[51],"area":[52],"research.":[54,94,268],"This":[55],"systematic":[56,99],"review":[57,78],"explores":[58],"role":[60],"identification":[65],"analysis":[67],"GS,":[69],"examining":[70],"its":[71],"applications,":[72],"methodologies,":[73],"effectiveness.":[75],"Furthermore,":[76],"this":[77],"discusses":[79],"existing":[81],"challenges,":[82],"limitations,":[83],"future":[85],"directions":[86],"to":[87,105,111,156,196,291],"advance":[88],"applications":[90],"METHODS:":[95],"We":[96],"conducted":[97],"literature":[100],"search":[101],"across":[102,207,222],"ten":[103],"databases":[104],"identify":[106],"studies":[107,125,167,175,190,273],"applied":[109],"detection.":[113],"Articles":[114],"were":[115,126,133,168,186],"screened":[116],"using":[117,130],"predefined":[118],"inclusion":[119],"exclusion":[121],"criteria,":[122],"evaluated":[127],"quality":[129],"PROBAST.":[131],"Data":[132],"extracted":[134],"on":[135,276,298],"study":[136,159],"characteristics,":[137],"datasets,":[138],"annotation":[139,244,284],"processes,":[140,285],"approaches,":[142],"performance":[143,288],"metrics,":[144],"population":[145],"demographics,":[146],"applications.":[149],"A":[150,163],"PRISMA":[151],"flow":[152],"diagram":[153],"was":[154],"used":[155,176,191],"illustrate":[157],"selection":[160],"process.":[161],"RESULTS:":[162],"total":[164],"65":[166],"included,":[169],"where":[170],"majority":[172,271],"traditional":[177],"rule-based":[178],"machine":[180],"learning":[181],"approaches.":[182],"Publicly":[183],"available":[184],"datasets":[185],"scarce,":[187],"most":[189,231],"their":[192],"private":[193],"dataset,":[194],"leading":[195],"significant":[197],"variability":[198,280],"data":[200],"sources":[201],"formats.":[203],"Annotation":[204],"methodologies":[205],"differed":[206],"studies,":[208],"with":[209,224],"minimal":[210],"shared":[211],"guidelines":[212],"or":[213],"standards,":[214],"making":[215],"direct":[216],"comparisons":[217],"challenging.":[218],"Performance":[219],"metrics":[220],"varied":[221],"syndromes,":[223],"F1-score,":[225],"precision,":[226],"recall":[228],"commonly":[232],"reported.":[233],"Key":[234],"challenges":[235,290],"included":[236],"lack":[238],"dataset":[240,282,305],"uniformity,":[241],"differences":[242],"practices,":[245],"absence":[248],"external":[250],"validation.":[251],"CONCLUSION:":[252],"shown":[255],"potential":[256],"analysis,":[259],"particularly":[260],"detection":[263],"epidemiological":[267],"only":[274],"focused":[275],"one":[277],"syndrome,":[278],"availability,":[283],"model":[287,308],"present":[289],"broader":[292],"implementation.":[293],"Future":[294],"research":[295],"should":[296],"focus":[297],"improving":[299],"comprehensiveness":[301],"identification,":[304],"standardisation,":[306],"enhancing":[307],"generalisability,":[309],"integrating":[311],"approaches":[313],"into":[314],"workflows.":[316]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
