{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126399888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","title":"A machine learning model for the early prediction of Gram-negative bloodstream infection in ICU patients","display_name":"A machine learning model for the early prediction of Gram-negative bloodstream infection in ICU patients","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126399888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41620595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102231625","display_name":"Yaling Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136596","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1yn780","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya-Ling Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596","https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114116400","display_name":"Huijuan Da","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136596","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1yn780","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Ting Da","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596","https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072865173","display_name":"T Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136596","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1yn780","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Ting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596","https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124588722","display_name":"Zhong-Xin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136596","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1yn780","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong-Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596","https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073793489","display_name":"Zhongle Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136596","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1yn780","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhong-Le Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. ahczl@139.com"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. ahczl@139.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136596","https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073793489"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197869895","https://openalex.org/I4210136596"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36491228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12167","display_name":"Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","score":0.8754000067710876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12167","display_name":"Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","score":0.8754000067710876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11961","display_name":"Neonatal and Maternal Infections","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.6514999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.6302000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit","display_name":"Intensive care unit","score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-replacement-therapy","display_name":"Renal replacement therapy","score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care","display_name":"Intensive care","score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lasso","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","score":0.36910000443458557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6694999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.6514999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6302000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6122000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779541074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185643","display_name":"Renal replacement therapy","level":2,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987404301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37616216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83209312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053367","display_name":"Predictive analytics","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018946976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650912","display_name":"Bloodstream infection","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10936531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786600","display_name":"Procalcitonin","level":3,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117568660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650843","display_name":"Multinomial logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777925291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2581971","display_name":"Intensivist","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886695","display_name":"Blood culture","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41620595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41620595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a56633a7e5884748a5b1234732084014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a56633a7e5884748a5b1234732084014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12937544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12937544/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-026-03361-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6452491879463196}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2316060816","https://openalex.org/W2590766499","https://openalex.org/W2794095348","https://openalex.org/W2888518764","https://openalex.org/W2989556232","https://openalex.org/W3005700774","https://openalex.org/W3087710161","https://openalex.org/W3095727099","https://openalex.org/W3112897565","https://openalex.org/W4221067521","https://openalex.org/W4285743464","https://openalex.org/W4290613732","https://openalex.org/W4296793572","https://openalex.org/W4308628153","https://openalex.org/W4310485170","https://openalex.org/W4323362906","https://openalex.org/W4367557556","https://openalex.org/W4376637122","https://openalex.org/W4387473747","https://openalex.org/W4388824797","https://openalex.org/W4396941434","https://openalex.org/W4399355112","https://openalex.org/W4406171687","https://openalex.org/W4406406968","https://openalex.org/W4407766151","https://openalex.org/W4410226599","https://openalex.org/W4410364228","https://openalex.org/W4410975369","https://openalex.org/W4412523317","https://openalex.org/W4412701982","https://openalex.org/W4414601401","https://openalex.org/W4415681282","https://openalex.org/W4415934818"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gram-negative":[0],"bloodstream":[1],"infection":[2],"(GN-BSI)":[3],"can":[4,54],"induce":[5],"fatal":[6],"septic":[7],"shock.":[8],"Moreover,":[9],"the":[10,58,84,116,133,137,159,194,197,275,279,307,310,314,327],"increasingly":[11],"severe":[12],"problem":[13],"of":[14,33,60,87,121,136,141,156,286,289,292,295,299,309],"antimicrobial":[15],"resistance":[16],"has":[17],"led":[18],"to":[19,92,132,313],"high":[20,71],"clinical":[21,102,362],"mortality,":[22],"particularly":[23],"among":[24],"intensive":[25],"care":[26],"unit":[27],"(ICU)":[28],"patients.":[29,234],"The":[30,316,356],"early":[31,85,95,117],"identification":[32],"pathogens":[34],"and":[35,53,73,103,119,147,153,166,180,189,212,253,297,303,320,330,337,354,367],"timely":[36,352],"antibiotic":[37],"therapy":[38,250],"are":[39,51],"critical":[40],"for":[41,83,98,260,343,361],"patient":[42],"outcomes.":[43],"However,":[44],"conventional":[45],"diagnostic":[46],"methods":[47],"like":[48],"blood":[49],"culture":[50],"time-consuming":[52],"delay":[55],"treatment.":[56,355],"Furthermore,":[57],"implementation":[59],"molecular":[61],"detection":[62],"techniques":[63],"in":[64,115,169,262,346],"routine":[65],"laboratories":[66],"is":[67],"often":[68],"hindered":[69],"by":[70,100],"costs":[72],"technical":[74],"complexity.":[75],"Machine":[76],"learning":[77,111,270,341],"(ML)":[78],"offers":[79],"a":[80,170,339],"promising":[81],"alternative":[82],"prediction":[86,96,258],"GN-BSI.":[88,122],"This":[89,123,228],"study":[90,125,229],"aims":[91],"develop":[93],"an":[94,283],"model":[97,277,324,342,358],"GN-BSI":[99,261,345],"integrating":[101],"laboratory":[104],"parameters":[105],"from":[106,128,145],"ICU":[107,129,233,263,347],"patients":[108,130,264],"using":[109,177,191,222,267],"machine":[110,269,340],"algorithms,":[112],"thereby":[113],"assisting":[114],"diagnosis":[118],"treatment":[120],"retrospective":[124],"utilized":[126],"data":[127,151],"admitted":[131],"West":[134],"District":[135],"First":[138],"Affiliated":[139],"Hospital":[140],"Anhui":[142],"Medical":[143],"University":[144],"January":[146],"July":[148],"2025.":[149],"Following":[150,235],"preprocessing":[152],"multiple":[154],"imputation":[155],"missing":[157],"values,":[158],"dataset":[160],"was":[161,175,219],"randomly":[162],"divided":[163],"into":[164],"training":[165],"validation":[167,366],"sets":[168],"7:3":[171],"ratio.":[172],"Feature":[173],"selection":[174],"performed":[176],"Lasso":[178],"regression":[179],"multivariate":[181],"logistic":[182],"regression.":[183],"Seven":[184],"ML":[185],"models":[186,259],"were":[187,241,265],"developed":[188],"evaluated":[190],"metrics":[192],"including":[193,243],"area":[195],"under":[196],"receiver":[198],"operating":[199],"characteristic":[200],"curve":[201],"(AUC),":[202],"accuracy,":[203],"sensitivity,":[204],"specificity,":[205],"F1":[206],"score,":[207],"positive":[208],"predictive":[209,214],"value":[210,215,285],"(PPV),":[211],"negative":[213],"(NPV).":[216],"Model":[217],"interpretability":[218,325],"further":[220,236,368],"assessed":[221],"Shapley":[223],"Additive":[224],"Explanations":[225],"(SHAP)":[226],"analysis.":[227],"ultimately":[230],"included":[231],"405":[232],"feature":[237],"selection,":[238],"four":[239,311],"variables":[240,312],"identified,":[242],"deep":[244],"vein":[245],"catheterization,":[246],"continuous":[247],"renal":[248],"replacement":[249],"(CRRT),":[251],"procalcitonin,":[252],"C-reactive":[254],"protein":[255],"(CRP).":[256],"Early":[257],"constructed":[266],"seven":[268],"algorithms.":[271],"Among":[272],"these":[273],"models,":[274],"XGBoost":[276,357],"demonstrated":[278],"best":[280],"performance,":[281],"with":[282],"AUC":[284],"0.898,":[287],"accuracy":[288],"88.43%,":[290],"F1-score":[291],"0.783,":[293],"PPV":[294],"85.00%,":[296],"NPV":[298],"89.10%.":[300],"SHAP":[301,317],"bar":[302],"beeswarm":[304],"plots":[305],"illustrated":[306],"contribution":[308],"outcome.":[315],"dependency":[318],"plot":[319],"force":[321],"analysis":[322],"provided":[323],"at":[326],"factor":[328],"level":[329],"individual":[331],"level,":[332],"respectively.":[333],"We":[334],"developed,":[335],"evaluated,":[336],"interpreted":[338],"predicting":[344],"patients,":[348],"which":[349],"may":[350],"facilitate":[351],"intervention":[353],"shows":[359],"potential":[360],"application":[363],"following":[364],"internal":[365],"refinement.":[369]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2026-02-02T00:00:00"}
