{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415620200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","title":"PharmacyGPT: exploration of artificial intelligence for medication management in the intensive care unit","display_name":"PharmacyGPT: exploration of artificial intelligence for medication management in the intensive care unit","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415620200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41152866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054926175","display_name":"Zhengliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0898-6444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102210578","display_name":"Shaochen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0802-9218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaochen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068480230","display_name":"Zihao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3561-5403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004142324","display_name":"Brian Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6660-9749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040329994","display_name":"Erin F. Barreto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-1487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125099","display_name":"Mayo Clinic in Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp40720","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erin F. Barreto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359839","display_name":"Sheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-8632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431792","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3865-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127938","display_name":"Mayo Clinic Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03660jn93","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I4210125099","https://openalex.org/I4210127938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343095","display_name":"Xiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-5065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647159","display_name":"Tianming Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006998717","display_name":"Andrea Sikora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2020-0571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Sikora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. Andrea.sikora@cuanschutz.edu","Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. Andrea.sikora@cuanschutz.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006998717"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":4.9287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95340813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"398","last_page":"398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.4625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.4625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.09830000251531601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.08349999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.544700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit","display_name":"Intensive care unit","score":0.5008000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-care","display_name":"Patient care","score":0.3562999963760376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.544700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.5008000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191630685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027615","display_name":"Informatics","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780860654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144993","display_name":"Patient-centered care","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987404301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202645933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4930","display_name":"eHealth","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054539","descriptor_name":"Medication Therapy Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054539","descriptor_name":"Medication Therapy Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054539","descriptor_name":"Medication Therapy Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054539","descriptor_name":"Medication Therapy Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41152866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41152866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a5c4fc8aafac4ba4801dd3fb01058566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a5c4fc8aafac4ba4801dd3fb01058566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11378238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12570815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415620200.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415620200.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968285912","https://openalex.org/W1984498786","https://openalex.org/W2003286267","https://openalex.org/W2046932936","https://openalex.org/W2051162794","https://openalex.org/W2079215577","https://openalex.org/W2317688282","https://openalex.org/W2346616014","https://openalex.org/W2603487522","https://openalex.org/W2944058558","https://openalex.org/W2950593515","https://openalex.org/W2977252151","https://openalex.org/W3010605880","https://openalex.org/W3046375318","https://openalex.org/W3080795376","https://openalex.org/W3087491463","https://openalex.org/W3135666699","https://openalex.org/W3164015379","https://openalex.org/W3206840963","https://openalex.org/W4200149075","https://openalex.org/W4200484538","https://openalex.org/W4212875048","https://openalex.org/W4281741214","https://openalex.org/W4283739918","https://openalex.org/W4285601618","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4312318847","https://openalex.org/W4323066985","https://openalex.org/W4324387439","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4367180678","https://openalex.org/W4367323692","https://openalex.org/W4367834650","https://openalex.org/W4377818895","https://openalex.org/W4381377157","https://openalex.org/W4382198737","https://openalex.org/W4383187411","https://openalex.org/W4383374753","https://openalex.org/W4384484700","https://openalex.org/W4385988359","https://openalex.org/W4387340031"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1,127],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,24,42,51,60,86,152,163],"this":[4,111],"evaluation":[5],"was":[6,81,135],"to":[7,83,107,137,180,184,208],"develop":[8,108,138,147,209],"a":[9,36,58,177,206],"novel":[10],"framework":[11,80],"for":[12,20,68],"large":[13],"language":[14],"model":[15,121],"(LLMs)":[16],"iterative":[17,74,128],"prompt":[18,129,172],"optimization":[19,75,130,173],"the":[21,28,40,66,78,105,114,197],"specialized":[22],"domain":[23,190,200],"medication":[25,96,98,148,194],"decision-making":[26],"in":[27,65,77,123,188,196],"intensive":[29],"care":[30],"unit":[31],"(ICU).":[32],"This":[33],"serves":[34],"as":[35,44,176,205,211],"first":[37],"step":[38],"towards":[39],"use":[41],"LLMs":[43,210],"clinical":[45],"decision":[46],"support":[47],"(CDS)":[48],"tools":[49],"capable":[50],"performing":[52],"pharmacy":[53],"related":[54],"tasks.":[55],"METHODS:":[56],"Using":[57],"cohort":[59],"1,000":[61],"adult":[62],"patients":[63],"managed":[64],"ICU":[67],"greater":[69],"than":[70],"24":[71],"h,":[72],"an":[73,161],"process":[76,131],"GPT-4":[79],"applied":[82],"enhance":[84],"performance":[85,122],"various":[87],"medication-related":[88],"tasks,":[89,186],"including":[90],"patient":[91],"disease":[92,140],"state":[93,141],"clustering":[94],"by":[95],"regimen,":[97],"regimen":[99],"generation,":[100],"and":[101,155,157,167],"outcome":[102],"prediction":[103],"with":[104,150,160],"intent":[106],"PharmacyGPT.":[109],"Within":[110],"feedback":[112],"loop,":[113],"input":[115,145],"prompts":[116],"were":[117],"adjusted":[118],"based":[119,143],"on":[120,144],"previous":[124],"iterations.":[125],"RESULTS:":[126],"housed":[132],"within":[133],"PharmacyGPT":[134],"able":[136],"meaningful":[139],"clusters":[142],"information,":[146],"regimens":[149],"inclusion":[151],"drug,":[153],"dose,":[154],"frequency,":[156],"predict":[158],"mortality":[159],"accuracy":[162],"0.75,":[164],"precision":[165],"0.37,":[166],"recall":[168],"0.70.":[169],"CONCLUSION:":[170],"Iterative":[171],"shows":[174],"promise":[175],"rapid":[178],"means":[179],"improve":[181],"LLM":[182],"functionality":[183],"specific":[185,191,201],"even":[187],"highly":[189],"areas":[192],"like":[193],"management":[195],"ICU.":[198],"Such":[199],"engineering":[202],"may":[203],"serve":[204],"strategy":[207],"viable":[212],"CDS":[213],"tools.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}
