{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411845428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","title":"Multiclass skin lesion classification and localziation from dermoscopic images using a novel network-level fused deep architecture and explainable artificial intelligence","display_name":"Multiclass skin lesion classification and localziation from dermoscopic images using a novel network-level fused deep architecture and explainable artificial intelligence","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411845428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40597254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050110808","display_name":"Mehak Arshad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29698356","display_name":"HITEC University","ror":"https://ror.org/013d87239","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehak Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, 47080, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, 47080, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100732302","display_name":"Muhammad Attique Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-3858"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Attique Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, 47080, Pakistan. attique.khan@ieee.org"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, 47080, Pakistan. attique.khan@ieee.org","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005771034","display_name":"Nouf Abdullah Almujally","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-9912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nouf Abdullah Almujally","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004989050","display_name":"Areej Alasiry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4088-5942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Areej Alasiry","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014832215","display_name":"Mehrez Marzougui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-5371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrez Marzougui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103058644","display_name":"Yunyoung Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-6607"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyoung Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Korea. ynam@sch.ac.kr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Korea. ynam@sch.ac.kr","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050110808"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":6.7067,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97278031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"215","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11306","display_name":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7114876508712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6341763138771057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-lesion","display_name":"Skin lesion","score":0.6318618655204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.5398686528205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4625735878944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.44780290126800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermatology","display_name":"Dermatology","score":0.3553551137447357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2055853307247162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.18228915333747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.059715718030929565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7114876508712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6341763138771057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988168687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949302","display_name":"Skin lesion","level":2,"score":0.6318618655204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.5398686528205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4625735878944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.44780290126800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.3553551137447357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2055853307247162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.18228915333747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.059715718030929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008545","descriptor_name":"Melanoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008545","descriptor_name":"Melanoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008545","descriptor_name":"Melanoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046169","descriptor_name":"Dermoscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046169","descriptor_name":"Dermoscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046169","descriptor_name":"Dermoscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40597254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40597254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12211947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12211947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:10757269a8384d709fbf72bade832c2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/10757269a8384d709fbf72bade832c2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03051-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2926830499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00218176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4404604583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00218176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411845428.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411845428.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1918701895","https://openalex.org/W1932469787","https://openalex.org/W2022140144","https://openalex.org/W2166521422","https://openalex.org/W2609625738","https://openalex.org/W2611331354","https://openalex.org/W2781554690","https://openalex.org/W2789587241","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2898292009","https://openalex.org/W2993464084","https://openalex.org/W3041614191","https://openalex.org/W3045827876","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3120409733","https://openalex.org/W3173687025","https://openalex.org/W3190111329","https://openalex.org/W3192610404","https://openalex.org/W3201017021","https://openalex.org/W3206316397","https://openalex.org/W3216441523","https://openalex.org/W4200322801","https://openalex.org/W4200525003","https://openalex.org/W4207001711","https://openalex.org/W4210346992","https://openalex.org/W4221060026","https://openalex.org/W4221152354","https://openalex.org/W4280531133","https://openalex.org/W4280617741","https://openalex.org/W4281670481","https://openalex.org/W4282936370","https://openalex.org/W4286642328","https://openalex.org/W4296311529","https://openalex.org/W4297825896","https://openalex.org/W4311156517","https://openalex.org/W4311959437","https://openalex.org/W4318677174","https://openalex.org/W4318815113","https://openalex.org/W4353091525","https://openalex.org/W4380148842","https://openalex.org/W4385555647","https://openalex.org/W4386945111","https://openalex.org/W4392251902","https://openalex.org/W4392642479","https://openalex.org/W4393353042","https://openalex.org/W4401025790","https://openalex.org/W4405300037","https://openalex.org/W4406089719","https://openalex.org/W4406459566","https://openalex.org/W4406526284","https://openalex.org/W4407765811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409308761","https://openalex.org/W2025017866","https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W1909006023","https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W3200723557","https://openalex.org/W2124655189","https://openalex.org/W4401284225","https://openalex.org/W4312713546","https://openalex.org/W2362195430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND":[0],"AND":[1],"OBJECTIVE:":[2],"Early":[3],"detection":[4],"and":[5,32,47,75,95,115,127,135,166,186,199,206,222,227,233,277,284,324],"classification":[6,74,216,276,296],"of":[7,77,220,244,279,293,320],"skin":[8,34,55,78,280,308],"cancer":[9,309],"are":[10],"critical":[11],"for":[12,113,153,172,302,307],"improving":[13],"patient":[14],"outcomes.":[15],"Dermoscopic":[16],"image":[17],"analysis":[18],"using":[19,141,150],"Computer-Aided":[20],"Diagnostics":[21],"(CAD)":[22],"is":[23,45,85,314],"a":[24,60,122,128,142,161],"powerful":[25],"tool":[26],"to":[27,71,86,182,246,316],"assist":[28],"dermatologists":[29],"in":[30,50,80,304],"identifying":[31],"classifying":[33],"lesions.":[35,56,281],"Traditional":[36],"machine":[37],"learning":[38,120],"models":[39,70,147,294],"require":[40],"extensive":[41],"feature":[42],"engineering,":[43],"which":[44,201],"time-consuming":[46],"less":[48],"effective":[49],"handling":[51],"complex":[52],"data":[53,239],"like":[54,89],"This":[57,298],"study":[58],"proposes":[59],"deep":[61,69,119],"learning-based":[62],"network-level":[63,265],"fusion":[64,266,292],"architecture":[65,213,267],"that":[66],"integrates":[67],"multiple":[68],"enhance":[72],"the":[73,138,225,260,275,318],"localization":[76,278],"lesions":[79],"dermoscopic":[81],"images.":[82],"The":[83,146,210,248,264,282],"goal":[84],"address":[87,317],"challenges":[88],"irregular":[90],"lesion":[91,188,254,289],"shapes,":[92],"inter-class":[93],"similarities,":[94],"class":[96],"imbalances":[97],"while":[98,291],"providing":[99],"explainability":[100],"through":[101],"artificial":[102],"intelligence.":[103],"METHODS:":[104],"A":[105],"novel":[106],"hybrid":[107],"contrast":[108,285],"enhancement":[109,286],"technique":[110],"was":[111,158],"applied":[112],"pre-processing":[114],"dataset":[116],"augmentation.":[117],"Two":[118],"models,":[121],"5-block":[123],"inverted":[124,130],"residual":[125],"network":[126,139],"6-block":[129],"bottleneck":[131],"network,":[132],"were":[133,148,170,180,191,202,235],"designed":[134],"fused":[136,212],"at":[137],"level":[140],"depth":[143],"concatenation":[144],"approach.":[145],"trained":[149],"Bayesian":[151],"optimization":[152],"hyperparameter":[154],"tuning.":[155],"Feature":[156],"extraction":[157],"performed":[159],"with":[160,218,241,256,269],"global":[162],"average":[163],"pooling":[164],"layer,":[165],"shallow":[167],"neural":[168],"networks":[169],"used":[171,181],"final":[173],"classification.":[174],"Explainable":[175],"AI":[176,250,271],"techniques,":[177],"including":[178],"LIME,":[179],"interpret":[183],"model":[184],"predictions":[185],"localize":[187],"regions.":[189],"Experiments":[190],"conducted":[192],"on":[193,224],"two":[194],"publicly":[195],"available":[196],"datasets,":[197,229],"HAM10000":[198,226],"ISIC2018,":[200],"split":[203],"into":[204],"training":[205,325],"testing":[207],"sets.":[208],"RESULTS:":[209],"proposed":[211],"achieved":[214],"high":[215,257],"accuracy,":[217],"results":[219],"91.3%":[221],"90.7%":[223],"ISIC2018":[228],"respectively.":[230],"Sensitivity,":[231],"precision,":[232],"F1-scores":[234],"significantly":[236,273],"improved":[237,274],"after":[238],"augmentation,":[240],"precision":[242],"rates":[243],"up":[245],"90.91%.":[247],"explainable":[249,270],"component":[251],"effectively":[252],"localized":[253],"areas":[255],"confidence,":[258],"enhancing":[259],"model's":[261],"interpretability.":[262],"CONCLUSIONS:":[263],"combined":[268],"techniques":[272],"augmentation":[283],"processes":[287],"enhanced":[288],"visibility,":[290],"optimized":[295],"accuracy.":[297],"approach":[299],"shows":[300],"potential":[301],"implementation":[303],"CAD":[305],"systems":[306],"diagnosis,":[310],"although":[311],"future":[312],"work":[313],"required":[315],"limitations":[319],"computational":[321],"resource":[322],"requirements":[323],"time.":[326],"CLINICAL":[327],"TRAIL":[328],"NUMBER:":[329],"Not":[330],"applicable.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T08:25:38.343686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
