{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410313148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","title":"Optimizing unsupervised feature engineering and classification pipelines for differentiated thyroid cancer recurrence prediction","display_name":"Optimizing unsupervised feature engineering and classification pipelines for differentiated thyroid cancer recurrence prediction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410313148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40361143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102873685","display_name":"Emmanuel Onah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2201-7607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Onah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria. emmanuel.onah.187260@unn.edu.ng"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria. emmanuel.onah.187260@unn.edu.ng","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107621054","display_name":"Uche Jude Eze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Uche Jude Eze","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Ohio, 43210, USA. eze.18@buckeyemail.osu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Ohio, 43210, USA. eze.18@buckeyemail.osu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107551471","display_name":"Abdullahi Salahudeen Abdulraheem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197610006","display_name":"University of Lagos","ror":"https://ror.org/05rk03822","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullahi Salahudeen Abdulraheem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, 101017, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, 101017, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093296714","display_name":"Ugochukwu Gabriel Ezigbo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9084-7315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ugochukwu Gabriel Ezigbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026712280","display_name":"Kosisochi Chinwendu Amorha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kosisochi Chinwendu Amorha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015062918","display_name":"Fidele Ntie\u2010Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-394X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144693123","display_name":"University of Buea","ror":"https://ror.org/041kdhz15","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144693123"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fidele Ntie-Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Drug Discovery (UB-CeDD), Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. fidele.ntie-kang@ubuea.cm"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Drug Discovery (UB-CeDD), Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. fidele.ntie-kang@ubuea.cm","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144693123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015062918","https://openalex.org/A5102873685","https://openalex.org/A5107621054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038","https://openalex.org/I144693123","https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.6547,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69827978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"182","last_page":"182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9415000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9415000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.6491212844848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-cancer","display_name":"Thyroid cancer","score":0.6068413853645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.585114598274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5366283059120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47018352150917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.3780444264411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37417057156562805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.34895753860473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.25147369503974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.13336119055747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.07710012793540955}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.6491212844848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779761222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826522","display_name":"Thyroid cancer","level":3,"score":0.6068413853645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.585114598274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5366283059120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47018352150917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3780444264411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37417057156562805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34895753860473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.25147369503974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.13336119055747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.07710012793540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009364","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Recurrence, Local","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009364","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Recurrence, Local","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009364","descriptor_name":"Neoplasm Recurrence, Local","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013964","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40361143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40361143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e9dc652702124332821d7cb4d2a909ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9dc652702124332821d7cb4d2a909ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12070754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12070754","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-025-03018-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322813","display_name":"Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02ekfbp48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410313148.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410313148.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W402335930","https://openalex.org/W1586405805","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1893446455","https://openalex.org/W1902027874","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1996020380","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2033403400","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2101807845","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2145150141","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2165533158","https://openalex.org/W2170111518","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2743436891","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2896236534","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2921866665","https://openalex.org/W2969966144","https://openalex.org/W2974520132","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3103145119","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3135402673","https://openalex.org/W3150635270","https://openalex.org/W3169102888","https://openalex.org/W3196464752","https://openalex.org/W4206841660","https://openalex.org/W4235169531","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4248083651","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4289524063","https://openalex.org/W4291019388","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W4308569712","https://openalex.org/W4309886630","https://openalex.org/W4321435783","https://openalex.org/W4387186407","https://openalex.org/W4388022950","https://openalex.org/W4388660682","https://openalex.org/W4390400413","https://openalex.org/W4390496704","https://openalex.org/W4394576882","https://openalex.org/W4403290699","https://openalex.org/W4404567417","https://openalex.org/W4405241443","https://openalex.org/W4405734890","https://openalex.org/W4408446202","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6888906687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409308761","https://openalex.org/W2186113122","https://openalex.org/W1523310174","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2531913951","https://openalex.org/W2124655189","https://openalex.org/W4401284225","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2977677679","https://openalex.org/W1993282409"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Differentiated":[1],"thyroid":[2],"cancer":[3],"(DTC)":[4],"is":[5,24],"a":[6,17,43],"common":[7],"endocrine":[8],"malignancy":[9],"with":[10,154,209],"rising":[11],"incidence":[12],"and":[13,41,61,72,91,119,138,150,188,226,230,245,276,288],"frequent":[14],"recurrence,":[15],"despite":[16],"generally":[18],"favorable":[19],"prognosis.":[20],"Accurate":[21],"recurrence":[22],"prediction":[23],"critical":[25],"for":[26,283,307],"guiding":[27],"post-treatment":[28],"strategies.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"aimed":[32],"to":[33,64],"enhance":[34],"predictive":[35],"performance":[36,124,211,222,264],"by":[37],"refining":[38],"feature":[39,66],"engineering":[40],"evaluating":[42],"diverse":[44],"ensemble":[45],"of":[46,177,183,190],"machine":[47],"learning":[48],"models":[49],"using":[50,101],"the":[51,170,261,296],"UCI":[52],"DTC":[53,309],"dataset.":[54],"METHODS:":[55],"Unsupervised":[56],"data":[57],"engineering-specifically":[58],"dimensionality":[59],"reduction":[60,273],"clustering-was":[62],"used":[63],"improve":[65],"quality.":[67],"Principal":[68],"Component":[69],"Analysis":[70],"(PCA)":[71],"Truncated":[73],"Singular":[74],"Value":[75],"Decomposition":[76],"(t-SVD)":[77],"were":[78,96],"selected":[79],"based":[80],"on":[81,129,223],"superior":[82],"clustering":[83],"metrics:":[84],"adjusted":[85],"Rand":[86],"Index":[87],"(ARI":[88],">":[89,238,242],"0.55)":[90],"V-measure":[92],"(>":[93],"0.45).":[94],"These":[95],"integrated":[97],"into":[98,303],"classification":[99],"pipelines":[100,232,259],"Logistic":[102],"Regression":[103],"(LR),":[104],"Support":[105],"Vector":[106],"Machine":[107],"(SVM),":[108],"Random":[109],"Forest":[110],"(RF),":[111],"K-Nearest":[112],"Neighbors":[113],"(KNN),":[114],"Feedforward":[115],"Neural":[116],"Network":[117],"(FNN),":[118],"Gradient":[120],"Boosting":[121],"(GB).":[122],"Model":[123],"was":[125],"evaluated":[126],"through":[127],"bootstrapping":[128],"an":[130],"independent":[131],"test":[132,172,225],"set,":[133],"stratified":[134,196],"10-fold":[135],"cross-validation":[136],"(CV),":[137],"subgroup":[139],"analyses.":[140],"Metrics":[141],"included":[142],"balanced":[143,175,266],"accuracy,":[144],"F1":[145],"score,":[146],"AUC,":[147],"sensitivity,":[148],"specificity,":[149],"precision,":[151],"each":[152],"reported":[153],"95%":[155],"confidence":[156],"intervals":[157],"(CIs).":[158],"SHAP":[159],"analysis":[160],"supported":[161],"model":[162,280],"interpretability.":[163],"RESULTS:":[164],"The":[165,216,291],"PCA-based":[166,292],"LR":[167,218,293],"pipeline":[168,219,294],"achieved":[169],"best":[171,297],"set":[173],"performance:":[174],"accuracy":[176],"0.95":[178],"(95%":[179,185,192],"CI:":[180,186,193],"0.90-0.99),":[181],"AUC":[182],"0.99":[184],"0.97-1.00),":[187],"sensitivity":[189,253],"0.94":[191],"0.84-1.00).":[194],"In":[195],"CV,":[197],"it":[198],"maintained":[199],"strong":[200],"results":[201],"(balanced":[202],"accuracy:":[203,267],"0.86;":[204],"AUC:":[205],"0.97;":[206],"sensitivity:":[207],"0.80),":[208],"consistent":[210],"across":[212],"clinically":[213],"relevant":[214],"subgroups.":[215],"t-SVD-based":[217],"showed":[220,260,295],"comparable":[221],"both":[224],"CV":[227,240],"sets.":[228],"SVM":[229],"FNN":[231],"also":[233],"performed":[234],"robustly":[235],"(test":[236,265],"AUCs":[237,241],"0.99;":[239],"0.96).":[243],"RF":[244,287],"KNN":[246,289],"had":[247],"high":[248],"specificity":[249],"but":[250],"slightly":[251],"lower":[252],"(test:":[254],"~0.87;":[255],"CV:":[256,269],"0.77-0.80).":[257],"GB":[258],"lowest":[262],"overall":[263],"0.86-0.88;":[268],"0.85-0.88).":[270],"CONCLUSIONS:":[271],"Dimensionality":[272],"via":[274],"PCA":[275],"t-SVD":[277],"significantly":[278],"improved":[279],"performance,":[281],"particularly":[282],"LR,":[284],"SVM,":[285],"FNN,":[286],"classifiers.":[290],"generalizability,":[298],"supporting":[299],"its":[300],"potential":[301],"integration":[302],"clinical":[304],"decision-support":[305],"tools":[306],"personalized":[308],"management.":[310],"CLINICAL":[311],"TRIAL":[312],"NUMBER:":[313],"Not":[314],"applicable.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
