{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404610959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","title":"Multimodal machine learning for language and speech markers identification in mental health","display_name":"Multimodal machine learning for language and speech markers identification in mental health","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404610959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39578814"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107516053","display_name":"Georgios Drougkas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Drougkas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047471651","display_name":"Erwin M. Bakker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-5271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erwin\u00a0M. Bakker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033880574","display_name":"Marco Spruit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9237-221X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800006345","display_name":"Leiden University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xvt9f17","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Spruit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.r.spruit@lumc.nl","Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.r.spruit@lumc.nl","Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.r.spruit@lumc.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. m.r.spruit@lumc.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800006345"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033880574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337","https://openalex.org/I2800006345"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":8.5997,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98206028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"354","last_page":"354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.7850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.7850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.05260000005364418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7172685861587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7031283974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6652436256408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6110154986381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5480822920799255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5441468954086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5211598873138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"Mental health","score":0.48324307799339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.43766435980796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.43570008873939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4152255654335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.37453484535217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1310557723045349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7172685861587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7031283974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6652436256408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6110154986381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5480822920799255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5441468954086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5211598873138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.48324307799339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.43766435980796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.43570008873939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4152255654335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37453484535217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1310557723045349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39578814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39578814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11583567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11583567","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11583567/pdf/12911_2024_Article_2772.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_4245337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f74de981afaf465a84fb01ba9bb68453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f74de981afaf465a84fb01ba9bb68453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-024-02772-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404610959.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404610959.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061900096","https://openalex.org/W2072792543","https://openalex.org/W2088846517","https://openalex.org/W2155756356","https://openalex.org/W2166086935","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2252191003","https://openalex.org/W2409277282","https://openalex.org/W2489406233","https://openalex.org/W2582664174","https://openalex.org/W2926974277","https://openalex.org/W2942406304","https://openalex.org/W3004047823","https://openalex.org/W3015928967","https://openalex.org/W3082170993","https://openalex.org/W3137504321","https://openalex.org/W3189340980","https://openalex.org/W3192209370","https://openalex.org/W4205527732","https://openalex.org/W4210275167","https://openalex.org/W4213195521","https://openalex.org/W4213206766","https://openalex.org/W4220931217","https://openalex.org/W4220969624","https://openalex.org/W4223610593","https://openalex.org/W4303418729","https://openalex.org/W4367835241","https://openalex.org/W4376116150","https://openalex.org/W4384499195"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396689146","https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W2747895175","https://openalex.org/W2614669534","https://openalex.org/W2123014508","https://openalex.org/W2104406636","https://openalex.org/W2741028958","https://openalex.org/W2105512057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"There":[1],"are":[2],"numerous":[3],"papers":[4],"focusing":[5],"on":[6,122,145],"diagnosing":[7],"mental":[8,36,46,65,74,150,420],"health":[9,66,421],"disorders":[10,37],"using":[11,141,161,239],"unimodal":[12,29,82,99,132,168,265,286,330,344,394,406],"and":[13,59,83,110,126,137,157,163,192,211,223,243,254,276,282,296,319,324,385,423,436],"multimodal":[14,40,84,94,112,309,338,401,414],"approaches.":[15,100,407],"However,":[16,333],"our":[17,167,190,235,308],"literature":[18],"review":[19],"shows":[20],"that":[21,153,307,399],"the":[22,93,98,107,123,146,232,249,257,264,285,329,334,337,343,351,355,365,370,380,388,393,400,411,417,425],"majority":[23,335],"of":[24,35,64,73,149,234,251,259,292,299,328,336,354,359,372,392,413,419],"these":[25,54],"studies":[26],"either":[27],"use":[28],"approaches":[30,41,55],"to":[31,42,134,188,207,274,294,301,317,326,341,430],"diagnose":[32,43],"a":[33,44,70,373],"variety":[34],"or":[38],"employ":[39],"single":[45],"disorder":[47,67,151],"instead.":[48],"In":[49,376],"this":[50,103],"research":[51,429],"we":[52,105,120,129,171,182,397],"combine":[53,189],"by":[56,159,378,386],"first":[57],"identifying":[58,369],"compiling":[60],"an":[61,174,184,269,277,290],"extensive":[62,147],"list":[63,148],"markers":[68,152],"for":[69,80,90,248,256,427],"wide":[71],"range":[72],"illnesses":[75],"which":[76,86,361],"have":[77],"been":[78,155],"used":[79,89,106],"both":[81,405],"methods,":[85],"is":[87],"subsequently":[88],"determining":[91],"whether":[92],"approach":[95],"can":[96,403],"outperform":[97,342,404],"METHODS:":[101],"For":[102,166],"study":[104,409],"well":[108,364],"known":[109],"robust":[111],"DAIC-WOZ":[113],"dataset":[114],"derived":[115],"from":[116,272,315],"clinical":[117],"interviews.":[118],"Here":[119],"focus":[121],"modalities":[124],"text":[125,136,169,191,266,331],"audio.":[127],"First,":[128],"constructed":[130],"two":[131,244],"models":[133,236,267,288,310,339,345,366],"analyze":[135],"audio":[138,193,287],"data,":[139],"respectively,":[140],"feature":[142,200,389],"extraction,":[143],"based":[144],"has":[154],"identified":[156],"compiled":[158],"us":[160],"related":[162],"earlier":[164],"studies.":[165],"model,":[170,396],"also":[172],"propose":[173],"initial":[175],"pragmatic":[176],"binary":[177,381],"label":[178,382],"creation":[179,383],"process.":[180],"Then,":[181],"employed":[183],"early":[185],"fusion":[186,434],"strategy":[187],"features":[194],"before":[195],"model":[196,402],"processing.":[197],"Our":[198],"fused":[199],"set":[201],"was":[202,237],"then":[203],"given":[204],"as":[205],"input":[206],"various":[208],"baseline":[209],"machine":[210],"deep":[212],"learning":[213,438],"algorithms,":[214],"including":[215],"Support":[216],"Vector":[217],"Machines,":[218],"Logistic":[219],"Regressions,":[220],"Random":[221],"Forests,":[222],"fully":[224],"connected":[225],"neural":[226],"network":[227],"classifiers":[228],"(Dense":[229],"Layers).":[230],"Ultimately,":[231],"performance":[233],"evaluated":[238],"accuracy,":[240],"AUC-ROC":[241,278,297,320],"score,":[242],"F1":[245,347,352],"metrics:":[246],"one":[247,255],"prediction":[250,258],"positive":[252,356],"cases":[253],"negative":[260],"cases.":[261],"RESULTS:":[262],"Overall,":[263],"achieved":[268,311],"accuracy":[270,291,313],"ranging":[271],"78%":[273],"87%":[275],"score":[279,353],"between":[280],"85%":[281],"93%,":[283],"while":[284],"attained":[289],"64%":[293],"72%":[295],"scores":[298,321],"53%":[300],"75%.":[302],"The":[303],"experimental":[304],"results":[305],"indicated":[306],"comparable":[312],"(ranging":[314],"80%":[316],"87%)":[318],"(between":[322],"84%":[323],"93%)":[325],"those":[327],"models.":[332,439],"managed":[340],"in":[346,350,368,416],"scores,":[348],"particularly":[349],"class":[357],"(F1":[358],"1s),":[360],"reflects":[362],"how":[363],"perform":[367],"presence":[371],"marker.":[374],"CONCLUSIONS:":[375],"conclusion,":[377],"refining":[379],"process":[384,391],"improving":[387],"engineering":[390],"acoustic":[395],"argue":[398],"This":[408],"underscores":[410],"importance":[412],"integration":[415],"field":[418],"diagnostics":[422],"sets":[424],"stage":[426],"future":[428],"explore":[431],"more":[432],"sophisticated":[433],"techniques":[435],"deeper":[437]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
