{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313279557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","title":"Quantifying causal effects from observed data using quasi-intervention","display_name":"Quantifying causal effects from observed data using quasi-intervention","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313279557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36544217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070678631","display_name":"Jing\u2010Hua Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-094X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91935597","display_name":"University of South China","ror":"https://ror.org/03mqfn238","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinghua Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China. y1062734273@163.com","School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, China. y1062734273@163.com","School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China. y1062734273@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, China. y1062734273@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035494769","display_name":"Yaping Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-5488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91935597","display_name":"University of South China","ror":"https://ror.org/03mqfn238","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96478251","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04n3k2k71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96478251"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaping Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, Hengyang, China. ypwan@aliyun.com","School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China. ypwan@aliyun.com","School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, Hengyang, China. ypwan@aliyun.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96478251"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China. ypwan@aliyun.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090797385","display_name":"Qianxi Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4085-3430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115624","display_name":"Hunan Cancer Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/025020z88","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91935597","display_name":"University of South China","ror":"https://ror.org/03mqfn238","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianxi Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China. niqianxi@hnszlyy.com","School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, China. niqianxi@hnszlyy.com","Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China. niqianxi@hnszlyy.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang, China. niqianxi@hnszlyy.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101972707","display_name":"Jianhong Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-9886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91935597","display_name":"University of South China","ror":"https://ror.org/03mqfn238","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhong Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Third Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Third Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346128","display_name":"Jin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-2489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91935597","display_name":"University of South China","ror":"https://ror.org/03mqfn238","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010983532","display_name":"Xiapeng Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91935597","display_name":"University of South China","ror":"https://ror.org/03mqfn238","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiapeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102861587","display_name":"Lifang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0887-7451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91935597","display_name":"University of South China","ror":"https://ror.org/03mqfn238","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91935597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070678631","https://openalex.org/A5090797385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115624","https://openalex.org/I91935597"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.4389,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64950387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"337","last_page":"337"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13051","display_name":"Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.7568491697311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49393707513809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.4685932695865631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3670611083507538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3046128749847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.22913908958435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.19737479090690613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.7568491697311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49393707513809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4685932695865631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3670611083507538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3046128749847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.22913908958435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.19737479090690613}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36544217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36544217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ed9dc3255b224316987b3f3edc9ad67c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ed9dc3255b224316987b3f3edc9ad67c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9773512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9773512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-02086-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313279557.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313279557.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W645681137","https://openalex.org/W1979538859","https://openalex.org/W1982906652","https://openalex.org/W1984732538","https://openalex.org/W2003639599","https://openalex.org/W2023680279","https://openalex.org/W2024861438","https://openalex.org/W2032036108","https://openalex.org/W2040935952","https://openalex.org/W2052261395","https://openalex.org/W2057097488","https://openalex.org/W2075691289","https://openalex.org/W2104379971","https://openalex.org/W2131715067","https://openalex.org/W2132917208","https://openalex.org/W2133278878","https://openalex.org/W2158734599","https://openalex.org/W2171456100","https://openalex.org/W2273267066","https://openalex.org/W2507814050","https://openalex.org/W2539276282","https://openalex.org/W2553703889","https://openalex.org/W2581283430","https://openalex.org/W2604941614","https://openalex.org/W2617486555","https://openalex.org/W2737656823","https://openalex.org/W2800754906","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2900917686","https://openalex.org/W2918061806","https://openalex.org/W2957912708","https://openalex.org/W2962075702","https://openalex.org/W2998562013","https://openalex.org/W2998586409","https://openalex.org/W3003592141","https://openalex.org/W3121505931","https://openalex.org/W3123110720","https://openalex.org/W3128646645","https://openalex.org/W4205800507","https://openalex.org/W4225264584","https://openalex.org/W6660794422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W2586801360","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Causal":[1],"inference":[2,121],"is":[3,200,210],"a":[4,98,119,211],"crucial":[5],"element":[6],"within":[7],"medical":[8,92],"decision-making.":[9],"There":[10],"have":[11],"been":[12],"many":[13],"methods":[14],"for":[15,91,104,214],"investigating":[16],"potential":[17,126],"causal":[18,78,107,120,217],"relationships":[19,79],"between":[20,109,219],"disease":[21,110,133,220],"and":[22,39,54,80,111,168,189,221,227,236],"treatment":[23,112,130,222,233],"options":[24,113,131,223],"developed":[25],"in":[26,114,137,176],"recent":[27],"years,":[28],"which":[29,123],"can":[30],"be":[31],"categorized":[32],"into":[33,134],"two":[34],"main":[35],"types:":[36],"observational":[37,71,83],"studies":[38,185],"experimental":[40,48,100],"studies.":[41],"However,":[42],"due":[43],"to":[44,76],"the":[45,62,65,88,106,125,138,143,146,150,174,187,190,205,216],"nature":[46],"of":[47,64,128,145,152,180,192],"studies,":[49],"financial":[50],"resources,":[51,53],"human":[52],"patients'":[55,155],"ethical":[56],"considerations,":[57],"researchers":[58],"cannot":[59,81],"fully":[60],"control":[61],"exposure":[63],"research":[66,72],"participants.":[67],"Furthermore,":[68],"most":[69],"existing":[70],"designs":[73],"are":[74],"limited":[75],"determining":[77],"handle":[82],"data,":[84],"let":[85],"alone":[86],"determine":[87],"dosages":[89],"needed":[90],"research.":[93],"RESULTS:":[94],"This":[95],"paper":[96],"presents":[97],"new":[99],"strategy":[101],"called":[102],"quasi-intervention":[103,147,209],"quantifying":[105,149,215],"effect":[108,127,218],"observed":[115],"data":[116],"by":[117,148],"using":[118],"method,":[122],"converts":[124],"different":[129],"on":[132,159,183,186],"computing":[135],"differences":[136],"conditional":[139],"probability.":[140],"We":[141],"evaluated":[142],"accuracy":[144],"impact":[151],"adjusting":[153],"Chinese":[154],"neutrophil-to-lymphocyte":[156],"ratio":[157],"(NLR)":[158],"their":[160],"overall":[161],"survival":[162],"(OS)":[163],"(169":[164],"lung":[165,193],"cancer":[166,194],"patients":[167],"79":[169],"controls).The":[170],"results":[171,206],"agree":[172],"with":[173],"literature":[175],"this":[177],"study,":[178],"consisting":[179],"nine":[181],"papers":[182],"cohort":[184],"NLR":[188],"prognosis":[191],"patients,":[195],"proving":[196],"that":[197,208],"our":[198],"method":[199,213],"correct.":[201],"CONCLUSION:":[202],"Taken":[203],"together,":[204],"imply":[207],"promising":[212],"without":[224],"clinical":[225],"trials,":[226],"it":[228],"could":[229],"improve":[230],"confidence":[231],"about":[232],"options'":[234],"efficacy":[235],"safety.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}