{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214627308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","title":"Interpretable instance disease prediction based on causal feature selection and effect analysis","display_name":"Interpretable instance disease prediction based on causal feature selection and effect analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214627308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35219342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428128","display_name":"Yuwen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4032-5937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YuWen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chengdu Institute of Computer Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chengdu Institute of Computer Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101681827","display_name":"Ju Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-6448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123021","display_name":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031npqv35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123021"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109186228","display_name":"Xiaolin Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-8178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152908","display_name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/04w5etv87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210152908"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"XiaoLin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chengdu Institute of Computer Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China. keyanche@163.com","Chengdu Institute of Computer Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chengdu Institute of Computer Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China. keyanche@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chengdu Institute of Computer Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109186228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210152908"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":1.7398,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86009952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"51","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.3691999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.3691999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.20909999310970306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.08869999647140503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.8356983661651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.717675507068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7009885311126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6881336569786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6809492111206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5635503530502319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5347971320152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4563007056713104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.43672361969947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.41013944149017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1022799015045166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8356983661651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.717675507068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7009885311126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6881336569786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6809492111206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5635503530502319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5347971320152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4563007056713104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43672361969947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.41013944149017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1022799015045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35219342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35219342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89c3f5c6524d4933b22274ab270c91ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89c3f5c6524d4933b22274ab270c91ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8881866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8881866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-022-01788-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3632865370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020377","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214627308.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214627308.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2009385507","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2132914434","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2156504490","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2787816121","https://openalex.org/W2912692476","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2962843949","https://openalex.org/W2964299886","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3104149808","https://openalex.org/W3124658416","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W6736685754","https://openalex.org/W6761184903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761631654","https://openalex.org/W2476247448","https://openalex.org/W4386592913","https://openalex.org/W4321634413","https://openalex.org/W4385766185","https://openalex.org/W4293525103","https://openalex.org/W3200179079","https://openalex.org/W3163334550","https://openalex.org/W3087493185","https://openalex.org/W4226377756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"In":[1],"the":[2,9,20,37,41,47,51,57,87,91,124,131,136,147,159,166,198,220],"big":[3],"wave":[4],"of":[5,36,61,108,162,172],"artificial":[6],"intelligence":[7],"sweeping":[8],"world,":[10],"machine":[11],"learning":[12,93],"has":[13],"made":[14],"great":[15],"achievements":[16],"in":[17,19],"healthcare":[18,38],"past":[21],"few":[22],"years,":[23],"however,":[24],"these":[25],"methods":[26],"are":[27],"only":[28],"based":[29,85,152,223],"on":[30,86,153,165,175,224],"correlation,":[31],"not":[32],"causation.":[33],"The":[34,104,170,205],"particularities":[35],"determines":[39],"that":[40,186,209],"research":[42],"method":[43,69,126,189,222],"must":[44],"comply":[45],"with":[46],"causality":[48,210],"norm,":[49],"otherwise":[50],"wrong":[52],"intervention":[53],"measures":[54],"may":[55],"bring":[56],"patients":[58],"a":[59,66,141,233],"lifetime":[60],"misfortune.":[62],"METHODS:":[63],"We":[64],"propose":[65],"two-stage":[67],"prediction":[68,73,113,116,138,202,221,237],"(instance":[70],"feature":[71,101,120,226],"selection":[72,83,102,121,163,227],"and":[74,89,118,123,145,181,193,219,228],"causal":[75,143,160,195,225],"effect":[76,161,229],"analysis)":[77],"for":[78,197],"instance":[79,100],"disease":[80,236],"prediction.":[81,103],"Feature":[82],"is":[84,106,127],"counterfactual":[88,119,137],"uses":[90],"reinforcement":[92],"framework":[94],"to":[95,129,156],"design":[96],"an":[97],"interpretable":[98],"qualitative":[99,192],"model":[105,144,199],"composed":[107],"three":[109],"neural":[110,148],"networks":[111],"(counterfactual":[112],"network,":[114],"fact":[115],"network":[117,139,149],"network),":[122],"actor-critical":[125],"used":[128],"train":[130],"network.":[132],"Then":[133],"we":[134],"take":[135],"as":[140],"structured":[142],"improve":[146],"attribution":[150],"algorithm":[151],"gradient":[154],"integration":[155],"quantitatively":[157],"calculate":[158],"features":[164],"output":[167],"results.":[168,203],"RESULTS:":[169],"results":[171,207],"our":[173,187],"experiments":[174],"synthetic":[176],"data,":[177],"open":[178],"source":[179],"data":[180,184],"real":[182],"medical":[183],"show":[185],"proposed":[188],"can":[190,211,231],"provide":[191],"quantitative":[194],"explanations":[196],"while":[200],"giving":[201],"CONCLUSIONS:":[204],"experimental":[206],"demonstrate":[208],"further":[212],"explore":[213],"more":[214,234],"essential":[215],"relationships":[216],"between":[217],"variables":[218],"analysis":[230],"build":[232],"reliable":[235],"model.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}