{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200168337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","title":"A mental models approach for defining explainable artificial intelligence","display_name":"A mental models approach for defining explainable artificial intelligence","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200168337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34886856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021596291","display_name":"Michael S. Merry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2428-3901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Merry","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. m.merry@auckland.ac.nz","School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. m.merry@auckland.ac.nz","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002794570","display_name":"Pat Riddle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pat Riddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040739282","display_name":"Jim Warren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-8951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Warren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021596291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":2.0998,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89585708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"344","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.730359673500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6119478344917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.4894610643386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.48294609785079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.482486754655838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4427073299884796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.4302132725715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.38134264945983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.12914669513702393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.730359673500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6119478344917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4894610643386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.48294609785079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.482486754655838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4427073299884796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4302132725715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.38134264945983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.12914669513702393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006268","descriptor_name":"Health Facilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006268","descriptor_name":"Health Facilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006268","descriptor_name":"Health Facilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006268","descriptor_name":"Health Facilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34886856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34886856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aca093345a79491bb5874e3e222db41b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aca093345a79491bb5874e3e222db41b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8656102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8656102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01703-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200168337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200168337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585584998","https://openalex.org/W1702536112","https://openalex.org/W1705912881","https://openalex.org/W1967246150","https://openalex.org/W1968988055","https://openalex.org/W1969225810","https://openalex.org/W1984060887","https://openalex.org/W1987072104","https://openalex.org/W2026905436","https://openalex.org/W2031968478","https://openalex.org/W2037560618","https://openalex.org/W2059706215","https://openalex.org/W2079938455","https://openalex.org/W2096950385","https://openalex.org/W2113609601","https://openalex.org/W2119574640","https://openalex.org/W2158615570","https://openalex.org/W2159776447","https://openalex.org/W2159855944","https://openalex.org/W2168820684","https://openalex.org/W2176556793","https://openalex.org/W2184763902","https://openalex.org/W2253372780","https://openalex.org/W2318700585","https://openalex.org/W2514712340","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2530272092","https://openalex.org/W2779051611","https://openalex.org/W2799589892","https://openalex.org/W2803733393","https://openalex.org/W2889377580","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2897434820","https://openalex.org/W2899876413","https://openalex.org/W2962790223","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2998829516","https://openalex.org/W3035965895","https://openalex.org/W3046238651","https://openalex.org/W3109650690","https://openalex.org/W3129790576","https://openalex.org/W4289259022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149537132","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W641279757","https://openalex.org/W370975646","https://openalex.org/W1670566515","https://openalex.org/W4242022592","https://openalex.org/W596972243","https://openalex.org/W4313230280","https://openalex.org/W69751022","https://openalex.org/W2063534752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"definitions":[1],"of":[2,20,23,35],"explanation":[3],"have":[4],"limitations":[5],"for":[6,11,48],"ensuring":[7],"that":[8],"the":[9,21,32,36],"concerns":[10],"practical":[12,33],"applications":[13],"are":[14],"resolved.":[15],"Defining":[16],"explainability":[17],"in":[18],"terms":[19],"context":[22],"their":[24],"application":[25],"forces":[26],"evaluations":[27,55],"to":[28,43,56,59],"be":[29,57],"aligned":[30],"with":[31],"goals":[34],"model.":[37],"Further,":[38],"it":[39],"will":[40],"allow":[41],"researchers":[42],"explicitly":[44],"distinguish":[45],"between":[46],"explanations":[47],"technical":[49],"and":[50],"lay":[51],"audiences,":[52],"allowing":[53],"different":[54],"applied":[58],"each.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
