{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212776013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","title":"Enhancing unsupervised medical entity linking with multi-instance learning","display_name":"Enhancing unsupervised medical entity linking with multi-instance learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212776013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","mag":"3212776013","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34789262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112619222","display_name":"Cheng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2568-1365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102811282","display_name":"Yuanzhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9905-9501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. yzzhang@nlpr.ia.ac.cn","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. yzzhang@nlpr.ia.ac.cn","National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9905-9501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. yzzhang@nlpr.ia.ac.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. yzzhang@nlpr.ia.ac.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389900","display_name":"Kang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6083-8433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110722665","display_name":"Jun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3370-2263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090594173","display_name":"Yafei Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yafei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unisound AI Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unisound AI Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101461640","display_name":"Shengping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-9972"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unisound AI Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unisound AI Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102811282"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":0.26,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65969701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"S9","first_page":"317","last_page":"317"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.4352000057697296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.4352000057697296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.30219998955726624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.09920000284910202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7865346074104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.6333234310150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6300845146179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5412269830703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5144927501678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5137208700180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.490776389837265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.4732901453971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.46921244263648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.45076143741607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4449102580547333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.43430548906326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.42239320278167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39005419611930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3680647015571594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7865346074104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.6333234310150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6300845146179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5412269830703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5144927501678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5137208700180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.490776389837265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.4732901453971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.46921244263648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.45076143741607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4449102580547333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.43430548906326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.42239320278167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39005419611930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3680647015571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051188","descriptor_name":"Knowledge Bases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34789262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34789262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d709502866840f0bb9649983c16a49a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d709502866840f0bb9649983c16a49a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 21, Iss S9, Pp 1-10 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8596894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8596894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01654-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2784040302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61922085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3547033114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61976211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G959951188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.61906196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212776013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212776013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90362830","https://openalex.org/W102708294","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2114544510","https://openalex.org/W2122653375","https://openalex.org/W2143902665","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2181629536","https://openalex.org/W2394812591","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2404369708","https://openalex.org/W2612773933","https://openalex.org/W2800128648","https://openalex.org/W2839174743","https://openalex.org/W2893364991","https://openalex.org/W2915128229","https://openalex.org/W2917968119","https://openalex.org/W2945214661","https://openalex.org/W2950333738","https://openalex.org/W2952490462","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962872978","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2977393556","https://openalex.org/W2987249037","https://openalex.org/W3014318675","https://openalex.org/W3101223450","https://openalex.org/W3117138190","https://openalex.org/W4213016248","https://openalex.org/W6726594951"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2997921738","https://openalex.org/W1541691357","https://openalex.org/W2090135255","https://openalex.org/W2965146396","https://openalex.org/W2770818364","https://openalex.org/W2168409722","https://openalex.org/W2782437235","https://openalex.org/W2548972888","https://openalex.org/W2026505290","https://openalex.org/W1993715838"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"A":[1],"lot":[2],"of":[3,13,21,43,54,64,155,173,180,186],"medical":[4,14,23,32,36,78,82,101,167,249],"mentions":[5,33,103],"can":[6],"be":[7],"extracted":[8],"from":[9,162],"a":[10,25,35,46,51,109,128,160,178,198,257],"huge":[11],"amount":[12],"texts.":[15],"In":[16,89],"order":[17],"to":[18,29,34,45,97,104,151,182,201,243],"make":[19],"use":[20,177],"these":[22],"mentions,":[24],"prerequisite":[26],"step":[27],"is":[28,50,84,137],"link":[30,98],"those":[31],"domain":[37],"knowledge":[38],"base":[39],"(KB).":[40],"This":[41],"linkage":[42],"mention":[44],"well-defined,":[47],"unambiguous":[48],"KB":[49],"necessary":[52],"part":[53],"the":[55,81,99,105,153,171,184,189,193,208,212,230,244,248,272],"downstream":[56],"application":[57],"such":[58],"as":[59],"disease":[60],"diagnosis":[61],"and":[62,73,87,146,188,276],"prescription":[63],"drugs.":[65],"Such":[66],"demand":[67],"becomes":[68],"more":[69,85],"urgent":[70],"in":[71,108,143,247],"colloquial":[72,110],"informal":[74],"situations":[75],"like":[76],"online":[77],"consultation,":[79],"where":[80],"language":[83],"casual":[86],"vaguer.":[88],"this":[90,144],"article,":[91],"we":[92,158,176],"propose":[93,114,237],"an":[94,115,138,163,238,278],"unsupervised":[95,116,130,239],"method":[96,133,225,242],"Chinese":[100,166],"symptom":[102],"ICD10":[106,190],"classification":[107],"background.":[111],"METHODS:":[112],"We":[113,206,236,255],"entity":[117,131,240,245],"linking":[118,132,241,246],"model":[119,142,210,268,274],"using":[120,251],"multi-instance":[121],"learning":[122],"(MIL).":[123],"Our":[124],"approach":[125],"builds":[126],"on":[127,211],"basic":[129],"(named":[134],"BEL),":[135],"which":[136],"embedding":[139],"similarity-based":[140],"EL":[141],"paper,":[145],"uses":[147],"MIL":[148,252],"training":[149,253],"paradigm":[150],"boost":[152],"performance":[154],"BEL.":[156,174],"First,":[157],"construct":[159],"dataset":[161,214],"unlabeled":[164],"large-scale":[165],"consultation":[168],"corpus":[169],"with":[170],"help":[172],"Subsequently,":[175],"variety":[179],"encoders":[181],"obtain":[183],"representations":[185,194],"mention-context":[187],"entities.":[191,204],"Then":[192],"are":[195],"fed":[196],"into":[197],"ranking":[199],"network":[200],"score":[202],"candidate":[203],"RESULTS:":[205],"evaluate":[207],"proposed":[209],"test":[213,258],"annotated":[215],"by":[216,233],"professional":[217],"doctors.":[218],"The":[219,262],"evaluation":[220],"results":[221,264],"show":[222,265],"that":[223,266],"our":[224,267],"achieves":[226],"60.34%":[227],"accuracy,":[228],"exceeding":[229],"fundamental":[231,273],"BEL":[232],"1.72%.":[234],"CONCLUSIONS:":[235],"domain,":[250],"manner.":[254],"annotate":[256],"set":[259],"for":[260,280],"evaluation.":[261],"experimental":[263],"behaves":[269],"better":[270],"than":[271],"BEL,":[275],"provides":[277],"insight":[279],"future":[281],"research.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}