{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169723321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","title":"Interoperability opportunities and challenges in linking mhealth applications and eRecord systems: Botswana as an exemplar","display_name":"Interoperability opportunities and challenges in linking mhealth applications and eRecord systems: Botswana as an exemplar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169723321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","mag":"3169723321","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009228305","display_name":"Kagiso Ndlovu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-8366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["BW","ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kagiso Ndlovu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. ndlovuk@ub.ac.bw","Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. ndlovuk@ub.ac.bw","Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana","Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-8366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. ndlovuk@ub.ac.bw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. ndlovuk@ub.ac.bw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085855667","display_name":"Richard E. Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9036-7070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["CA","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard E. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9036-7070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011813775","display_name":"Maurice Mars","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-780X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["AU","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurice Mars","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia","Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-780X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of TeleHealth, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009228305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":10.0728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98322846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"246","last_page":"246"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11446","display_name":"Mobile Health and mHealth Applications","score":0.8108999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11446","display_name":"Mobile Health and mHealth Applications","score":0.8108999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.05700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10912","display_name":"Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mhealth","display_name":"mHealth","score":0.9034305810928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.9031926393508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ehealth","display_name":"eHealth","score":0.7739990949630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.5613839030265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-interoperability","display_name":"Semantic interoperability","score":0.48525047302246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.46128764748573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4413028955459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39735865592956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3946349024772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.29346656799316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.2712884545326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2676425278186798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2231195867061615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.16158196330070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.13385120034217834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12700462341308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.10477015376091003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069079","display_name":"mHealth","level":3,"score":0.9034305810928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.9031926393508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202645933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4930","display_name":"eHealth","level":3,"score":0.7739990949630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.5613839030265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192800085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5258530","display_name":"Semantic interoperability","level":3,"score":0.48525047302246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.46128764748573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4413028955459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39735865592956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3946349024772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.29346656799316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.2712884545326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2676425278186798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2231195867061615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.16158196330070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.13385120034217834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12700462341308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.10477015376091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001902","descriptor_name":"Botswana","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001902","descriptor_name":"Botswana","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001902","descriptor_name":"Botswana","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34419020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d09c48e9caa4b0d88bf13e80bdb0822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d09c48e9caa4b0d88bf13e80bdb0822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:prism.ucalgary.ca:1880/113755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402212","display_name":"PRISM (University of Calgary)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","host_organization_name":"University of Calgary","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8379582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8379582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01606-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169723321.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169723321.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582096731","https://openalex.org/W1500256535","https://openalex.org/W1538652768","https://openalex.org/W1597202952","https://openalex.org/W1603783663","https://openalex.org/W1772652121","https://openalex.org/W1994130707","https://openalex.org/W2009690289","https://openalex.org/W2012865004","https://openalex.org/W2038556825","https://openalex.org/W2043117489","https://openalex.org/W2110224984","https://openalex.org/W2141316480","https://openalex.org/W2142949663","https://openalex.org/W2164572080","https://openalex.org/W2188065291","https://openalex.org/W2276530525","https://openalex.org/W2304679740","https://openalex.org/W2408633053","https://openalex.org/W2514862440","https://openalex.org/W2526018634","https://openalex.org/W2536107849","https://openalex.org/W2599575284","https://openalex.org/W2605331309","https://openalex.org/W2749471281","https://openalex.org/W2802355308","https://openalex.org/W2811192811","https://openalex.org/W2911559143","https://openalex.org/W2948022975","https://openalex.org/W2955598639","https://openalex.org/W2981461708","https://openalex.org/W2988552912","https://openalex.org/W3042962733","https://openalex.org/W3044890748","https://openalex.org/W3123288148","https://openalex.org/W3142548840","https://openalex.org/W3165795960","https://openalex.org/W4231560570"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294434433","https://openalex.org/W3125257058","https://openalex.org/W1183040530","https://openalex.org/W1604381308","https://openalex.org/W2004401038","https://openalex.org/W2901274046","https://openalex.org/W4225265664","https://openalex.org/W2921925903","https://openalex.org/W4237252645","https://openalex.org/W2610680654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Significant":[1],"investments":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"made":[5],"towards":[6],"the":[7,58,110,137,147,154,157,162,245,292],"implementation":[8],"of":[9,18,102,109,150,156,191,204,241],"mHealth":[10,38,55,80,141,169,224,252,267,296],"applications":[11,39,81,142,170,225,253,268,297],"and":[12,40,75,88,100,106,121,125,127,133,143,152,181,198,207,215,226,233,254,259,263,274,286,298],"eRecord":[13,41,65,71,83,144,172,209,227,255,270,299],"systems":[14,72,145,210,214,228,256,271],"globally.":[15],"However,":[16,161],"fragmentation":[17],"these":[19],"technologies":[20],"remains":[21],"a":[22,45,107,202],"big":[23],"challenge,":[24],"often":[25],"unresolved":[26],"in":[27,49,229,290],"developing":[28,47,90,288],"countries.":[29],"In":[30],"particular,":[31],"evidence":[32],"shows":[33],"little":[34],"consideration":[35],"for":[36,78,86,89,139,222,265],"linking":[37,79,168,223,266],"systems.":[42,66,173,300],"Botswana":[43,87,93,111,151,230],"is":[44,257,260],"typical":[46],"country":[48],"sub-Saharan":[50],"Africa":[51],"that":[52],"has":[53],"explored":[54],"applications,":[56],"but":[57,194],"solutions":[59],"are":[60,185,219],"not":[61,166,195],"interoperable":[62,140],"with":[63,188],"existing":[64],"This":[67],"paper":[68],"describes":[69],"Botswana's":[70,175],"interoperability":[73,118,179,192],"landscape":[74],"provides":[76],"guidance":[77,129,242,276],"to":[82,171,239,243,269],"systems,":[84],"both":[85],"countries":[91],"using":[92],"as":[94],"an":[95],"exemplar.":[96],"METHODS:":[97],"A":[98],"survey":[99],"interviews":[101],"health":[103,148,176],"ICT":[104],"workers":[105],"review":[108],"National":[112,158,246],"eHealth":[113,159,247],"Strategy":[114,164],"were":[115,123,231,272],"completed.":[116],"Perceived":[117],"benefits,":[119],"opportunities":[120],"challenges":[122,264],"charted":[124],"analysed,":[126],"future":[128,275],"derived.":[130],"RESULTS:":[131],"Survey":[132],"interview":[134],"responses":[135],"showed":[136],"need":[138],"within":[146,153],"sector":[149],"context":[155],"Strategy.":[160,248],"current":[163],"does":[165],"address":[167],"Across":[174],"sectors,":[177],"global":[178],"standards":[180],"Application":[182],"Programming":[183],"Interfaces":[184],"widely":[186],"used,":[187],"some":[189],"level":[190],"within,":[193],"between,":[196],"public":[197],"private":[199],"facilities.":[200],"Further,":[201],"mix":[203],"open":[205],"source":[206],"commercial":[208],"utilising":[211],"relational":[212],"database":[213],"similar":[216],"data":[217],"formats":[218],"supported.":[220],"Challenges":[221],"identified":[232],"categorised":[234],"into":[235],"themes":[236],"which":[237],"led":[238],"development":[240],"enhance":[244],"CONCLUSION:":[249],"Interoperability":[250],"between":[251,295],"needed":[258],"feasible.":[261],"Opportunities":[262],"identified,":[273],"stemming":[277],"from":[278],"this":[279],"insight":[280],"presented.":[281],"Findings":[282],"will":[283],"aid":[284],"Botswana,":[285],"other":[287],"countries,":[289],"resolving":[291],"pervasive":[293],"disconnect":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}