{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129922404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","title":"A systematic review of natural language processing applied to radiology reports","display_name":"A systematic review of natural language processing applied to radiology reports","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129922404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","mag":"3129922404","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34082729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Arlene Casey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arlene Casey","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures (LLC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. Arlene.Casey@ed.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures (LLC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. Arlene.Casey@ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Emma Davidson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael Poon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Poon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hang Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142469","display_name":"Health Data Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/04rtjaj74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","Health Data Research UK, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Data Research UK, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniel Duma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Duma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures (LLC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures (LLC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andreas Grivas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Grivas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Claire Grover","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Grover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"V\u00edctor Su\u00e1rez-Paniagua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142469","display_name":"Health Data Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/04rtjaj74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00edctor Su\u00e1rez-Paniagua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","Health Data Research UK, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Data Research UK, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard Tobin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Tobin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"William Whiteley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Whiteley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Honghan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142469","display_name":"Health Data Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/04rtjaj74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Data Research UK, London, UK","Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Data Research UK, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Beatrice Alex","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099977","display_name":"Institute for Futures Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/00x2kxt49","country_code":"SE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099977"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163881","display_name":"Avenir Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05k833b90","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163881"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB","SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Alex","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures (LLC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099977","https://openalex.org/I4210163881","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures (LLC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2690},"fwci":2.8082,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":204,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89855072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"179","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7710999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.7710999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.10400000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.026399999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.6541000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5800999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informatics","display_name":"Informatics","score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.3059000074863434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6855999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.6541000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5800999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191630685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027615","display_name":"Informatics","level":2,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73851307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834546","display_name":"Translational research informatics","level":5,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34082729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34082729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/8098b1a8-023a-447b-a3ad-69f9d917405f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/8098b1a8-023a-447b-a3ad-69f9d917405f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Casey, A, Davidson, E, Poon, M, Dong, H, Duma, D, Grivas, A, Grover, C, Suarez Paniagua, V, Tobin, RICHARD, Whiteley, W N, Wu, H & Alex, B 2021, 'A systematic review of natural language processing applied to radiology reports', Bmc medical informatics and decision making, vol. 21, 179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:326991","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.09553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.09553","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.09553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e036d2c744224b308bdf55a306a7d12b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e036d2c744224b308bdf55a306a7d12b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8176715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8176715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/f76c57ba-b1cb-4be2-abb1-061e6523d493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/f76c57ba-b1cb-4be2-abb1-061e6523d493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Casey, A, Davidson, E, Poon, M, Dong, H, Duma, D, Grivas, A, Grover, C, Su\u00e1rez-Paniagua, V, Tobin, R, Whiteley, W, Wu, H & Alex, B 2021, 'A systematic review of natural language processing applied to radiology reports', Bmc medical informatics and decision making, vol. 21, no. 1, 179 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/f76c57ba-b1cb-4be2-abb1-061e6523d493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/f76c57ba-b1cb-4be2-abb1-061e6523d493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Casey, A, Davidson, E, Poon, M, Dong, H, Duma, D, Grivas, A, Grover, C, Su\u00e1rez-Paniagua, V, Tobin, R, Whiteley, W, Wu, H & Alex, B 2021, 'A systematic review of natural language processing applied to radiology reports', Bmc medical informatics and decision making, vol. 21, no. 1, 179 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01533-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3855435662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N510129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072067573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6426385615","display_name":"Deriving an actionable patient phenome from healthcare data","funder_award_id":"MR/S004149/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6746540347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"27589","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","funder_display_name":"Cancer Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7306783740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/S004149/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8795210754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G956835308","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/S004149/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","display_name":"Cancer Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/054225q67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129922404.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129922404.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1906258405","https://openalex.org/W1950640967","https://openalex.org/W1975675278","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1994043935","https://openalex.org/W2025269721","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2131922422","https://openalex.org/W2154999345","https://openalex.org/W2161374186","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2168211178","https://openalex.org/W2180216841","https://openalex.org/W2196348026","https://openalex.org/W2200747233","https://openalex.org/W2208967483","https://openalex.org/W2234417453","https://openalex.org/W2238966896","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2263101674","https://openalex.org/W2292944448","https://openalex.org/W2329011065","https://openalex.org/W2338526423","https://openalex.org/W2412972264","https://openalex.org/W2460390741","https://openalex.org/W2509746354","https://openalex.org/W2512963549","https://openalex.org/W2517923437","https://openalex.org/W2527035297","https://openalex.org/W2531638282","https://openalex.org/W2531939526","https://openalex.org/W2549775784","https://openalex.org/W2549939702","https://openalex.org/W2550694825","https://openalex.org/W2563364981","https://openalex.org/W2604226652","https://openalex.org/W2606833494","https://openalex.org/W2610844860","https://openalex.org/W2612649659","https://openalex.org/W2613226128","https://openalex.org/W2625625371","https://openalex.org/W2625880233","https://openalex.org/W2735580341","https://openalex.org/W2750079440","https://openalex.org/W2752571115","https://openalex.org/W2752617356","https://openalex.org/W2754747396","https://openalex.org/W2756043273","https://openalex.org/W2765803301","https://openalex.org/W2766934786","https://openalex.org/W2768567289","https://openalex.org/W2769783090","https://openalex.org/W2776226510","https://openalex.org/W2782699535","https://openalex.org/W2783546159","https://openalex.org/W2783647406","https://openalex.org/W2785863263","https://openalex.org/W2785876245","https://openalex.org/W2786718592","https://openalex.org/W2792544442","https://openalex.org/W2794089438","https://openalex.org/W2794757971","https://openalex.org/W2804236178","https://openalex.org/W2810397291","https://openalex.org/W2811388707","https://openalex.org/W2866375256","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2886374306","https://openalex.org/W2886805472","https://openalex.org/W2889947689","https://openalex.org/W2891452935","https://openalex.org/W2896155826","https://openalex.org/W2896857050","https://openalex.org/W2896985578","https://openalex.org/W2898413972","https://openalex.org/W2901643192","https://openalex.org/W2903224300","https://openalex.org/W2907418313","https://openalex.org/W2911144363","https://openalex.org/W2911893848","https://openalex.org/W2912892828","https://openalex.org/W2914921214","https://openalex.org/W2917682189","https://openalex.org/W2918369972","https://openalex.org/W2918580253","https://openalex.org/W2920318516","https://openalex.org/W2921305212","https://openalex.org/W2923540735","https://openalex.org/W2926659189","https://openalex.org/W2927599034","https://openalex.org/W2939054980","https://openalex.org/W2944913321","https://openalex.org/W2945068453","https://openalex.org/W2945884527","https://openalex.org/W2947607756","https://openalex.org/W2947838164","https://openalex.org/W2949795957","https://openalex.org/W2952100895","https://openalex.org/W2953196299","https://openalex.org/W2953808120","https://openalex.org/W2955915516","https://openalex.org/W2963013311","https://openalex.org/W2963676638","https://openalex.org/W2963716420","https://openalex.org/W2964965639","https://openalex.org/W2967761648","https://openalex.org/W2968062059","https://openalex.org/W2970884643","https://openalex.org/W2972524821","https://openalex.org/W2973079308","https://openalex.org/W2978025938","https://openalex.org/W2988671387","https://openalex.org/W2990505288","https://openalex.org/W2993873509","https://openalex.org/W3004088204","https://openalex.org/W3013605954","https://openalex.org/W3021834958","https://openalex.org/W3024173558","https://openalex.org/W3034863243","https://openalex.org/W3035833355","https://openalex.org/W3099982175","https://openalex.org/W3103694015","https://openalex.org/W3134691471","https://openalex.org/W4206154510","https://openalex.org/W6702248584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965294778","https://openalex.org/W2381351160","https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W165252003","https://openalex.org/W1556178152","https://openalex.org/W2922457425","https://openalex.org/W2784198445","https://openalex.org/W4250304930","https://openalex.org/W4225161397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Natural":[1],"language":[2],"processing":[3],"(NLP)":[4],"has":[5,13,215],"a":[6,102,288],"significant":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,19,29,52,112,117,134,228,270,284],"advancing":[10],"healthcare":[11,221],"and":[12,48,74,95,153,195,223,235,266,302],"been":[14],"found":[15],"to":[16,32,55,176,218,232,245,255,267,294],"be":[17,253],"key":[18],"extracting":[20],"structured":[21],"information":[22],"from":[23],"radiology":[24,33,56,89,213],"reports.":[25,57],"Understanding":[26],"recent":[27,38,50],"developments":[28],"NLP":[30,53,91],"application":[31,97,128],"is":[34,83,121,151,155,174,244],"of":[35,105,125,158,165,184,208,211,237,260,272,291],"significance":[36,281],"but":[37,137],"reviews":[39],"on":[40,85,262],"this":[41,229],"are":[42,142,239],"limited.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45,273],"systematically":[46],"assesses":[47],"quantifies":[49],"literature":[51,63],"applied":[54],"METHODS:":[58],"We":[59,100],"conduct":[60],"an":[61],"automated":[62,69],"search":[64,76],"yielding":[65],"4836":[66],"results":[67,279],"using":[68],"filtering,":[70],"metadata":[71],"enriching":[72],"steps":[73],"citation":[75],"combined":[77],"with":[78,110,200],"manual":[79],"review.":[80],"Our":[81,278],"analysis":[82,104],"based":[84],"21":[86],"variables":[87],"including":[88],"characteristics,":[90],"methodology,":[92],"performance,":[93],"study,":[94],"clinical":[96,127,161,209,249],"characteristics.":[98],"RESULTS:":[99],"present":[101],"comprehensive":[103],"the":[106,135,212,216,220,242,285],"164":[107],"publications":[108,111],"retrieved":[109],"2019":[113],"almost":[114],"triple":[115],"those":[116],"2015.":[118],"Each":[119],"publication":[120],"categorised":[122],"into":[123,160,248],"one":[124],"6":[126],"categories.":[129],"Deep":[130,145],"learning":[131,140,146],"use":[132,186],"increases":[133],"period":[136],"conventional":[138],"machine":[139],"approaches":[141,180],"still":[143],"prevalent.":[144],"remains":[147],"challenged":[148],"when":[149],"data":[150,194,265],"scarce":[152],"there":[154],"little":[156],"evidence":[157],"adoption":[159],"practice.":[162],"Despite":[163],"17%":[164],"studies":[166,191],"reporting":[167,271],"greater":[168],"than":[169],"0.85":[170],"F1":[171],"scores,":[172],"it":[173],"hard":[175],"comparatively":[177],"evaluate":[178],"these":[179],"given":[181],"that":[182,226],"most":[183],"them":[185],"different":[187,263],"datasets.":[188],"Only":[189],"14":[190],"made":[192],"their":[193,197],"15":[196],"code":[198,257],"available":[199],"10":[201],"externally":[202],"validating":[203],"results.":[204],"CONCLUSIONS:":[205],"Automated":[206],"understanding":[207],"narratives":[210],"reports":[214],"potential":[217],"enhance":[219],"process":[222],"we":[224],"show":[225],"research":[227],"field":[230,286],"continues":[231],"grow.":[233],"Reproducibility":[234],"explainability":[236],"models":[238],"important":[240],"if":[241],"domain":[243],"move":[246],"applications":[247],"use.":[250],"More":[251],"could":[252],"done":[254],"share":[256],"enabling":[258],"validation":[259],"methods":[261],"institutional":[264],"reduce":[268],"heterogeneity":[269],"properties":[274],"allowing":[275],"inter-study":[276],"comparisons.":[277],"have":[280],"for":[282,300],"researchers":[283],"providing":[287],"systematic":[289],"synthesis":[290],"existing":[292],"work":[293],"build":[295],"on,":[296],"identify":[297],"gaps,":[298],"opportunities":[299],"collaboration":[301],"avoid":[303],"duplication.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
