{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125401821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","title":"Transformer-based deep neural network language models for Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk assessment from targeted speech","display_name":"Transformer-based deep neural network language models for Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk assessment from targeted speech","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125401821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","mag":"3125401821","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33750385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027878888","display_name":"Alireza Roshanzamir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Roshanzamir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079900418","display_name":"Hamid Aghajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-5642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Aghajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069082023","display_name":"Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-6231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran. soleymani@sharif.edu","Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-6231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran. soleymani@sharif.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069082023"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2690},"fwci":10.2749,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98527028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"92","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.17180000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.17180000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.14790000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.0997999981045723,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8047885894775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6677014231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.6604570746421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.6166818141937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5982587933540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.577176570892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5391180515289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5156158804893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.49522414803504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48815470933914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.48603373765945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.468833863735199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8047885894775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6677014231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.6604570746421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.6166818141937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5982587933540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.577176570892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5391180515289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5156158804893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.49522414803504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48815470933914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.48603373765945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.468833863735199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33750385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33750385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:25cc1ec40076430e8d5dd6b706519f13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/25cc1ec40076430e8d5dd6b706519f13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7971114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7971114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01456-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322670","display_name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","ror":"https://ror.org/01c4pz451"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125401821.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125401821.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36820562","https://openalex.org/W588041470","https://openalex.org/W1522435878","https://openalex.org/W1549115098","https://openalex.org/W1847168837","https://openalex.org/W1853705225","https://openalex.org/W1994871153","https://openalex.org/W1997994949","https://openalex.org/W2033002462","https://openalex.org/W2069740663","https://openalex.org/W2074037951","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2089109585","https://openalex.org/W2129497119","https://openalex.org/W2137554996","https://openalex.org/W2151969795","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250883471","https://openalex.org/W2251658415","https://openalex.org/W2252171711","https://openalex.org/W2397273938","https://openalex.org/W2490470819","https://openalex.org/W2514643877","https://openalex.org/W2514692010","https://openalex.org/W2578432686","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2772874006","https://openalex.org/W2793398224","https://openalex.org/W2892062011","https://openalex.org/W2905266130","https://openalex.org/W2914120296","https://openalex.org/W2920663707","https://openalex.org/W2921134339","https://openalex.org/W2939515132","https://openalex.org/W2945121608","https://openalex.org/W2950813464","https://openalex.org/W2962979297","https://openalex.org/W2963088785","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963545917","https://openalex.org/W2964110616","https://openalex.org/W2964226943","https://openalex.org/W2972757121","https://openalex.org/W3023309979","https://openalex.org/W3094326096","https://openalex.org/W4214601561","https://openalex.org/W4236726526","https://openalex.org/W6702248584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288365749","https://openalex.org/W2936497627","https://openalex.org/W3013624417","https://openalex.org/W4287826556","https://openalex.org/W3098382480","https://openalex.org/W4287598411","https://openalex.org/W3100913109","https://openalex.org/W3198458223","https://openalex.org/W3126642501","https://openalex.org/W2964413124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"We":[2],"developed":[3],"transformer-based":[4],"deep":[5,48,103],"learning":[6],"models":[7,39,50,63,108,167],"based":[8],"on":[9,66,83,98,111],"natural":[10,72],"language":[11,49,73,104,166],"processing":[12],"for":[13,36,189],"early":[14],"risk":[15],"assessment":[16],"of":[17,28,100,116,123,155,178,180],"Alzheimer\u2019s":[18],"disease":[19],"from":[20,142],"the":[21,32,101,117,159,176,187],"picture":[22,112],"description":[23,113],"test.":[24],"Methods":[25],"The":[26,90,107,137],"lack":[27,179],"large":[29,55,68,138,182],"datasets":[30,69],"poses":[31],"most":[33],"important":[34],"limitation":[35],"using":[37],"complex":[38],"that":[40],"do":[41],"not":[42,173],"require":[43],"feature":[44],"engineering.":[45],"Transformer-based":[46],"pre-trained":[47,65,102,165],"have":[51],"recently":[52],"made":[53],"a":[54,95],"leap":[56],"in":[57],"NLP":[58],"research":[59],"and":[60,76,130],"application.":[61],"These":[62],"are":[64,77,109],"available":[67],"to":[70,79],"understand":[71],"texts":[74],"appropriately,":[75],"shown":[78],"subsequently":[80],"perform":[81],"well":[82],"classification":[84,92,153],"tasks":[85],"with":[86,127,134,148],"small":[87],"training":[88],"sets.":[89],"overall":[91],"model":[93],"is":[94],"simple":[96],"classifier":[97,151],"top":[99],"model.":[105],"Results":[106],"evaluated":[110],"test":[114],"transcripts":[115],"Pitt":[118],"corpus,":[119],"which":[120,157],"contains":[121],"data":[122],"170":[124],"AD":[125,170],"patients":[126],"257":[128],"interviews":[129],"99":[131],"healthy":[132],"controls":[133],"243":[135],"interviews.":[136],"bidirectional":[139],"encoder":[140],"representations":[141],"transformers":[143],"(BERT":[144],"Large":[145],")":[146],"embedding":[147],"logistic":[149],"regression":[150],"achieves":[152],"accuracy":[154],"88.08%,":[156],"improves":[158],"state-of-the-art":[160],"by":[161],"2.48%.":[162],"Conclusions":[163],"Using":[164],"can":[168],"improve":[169],"prediction.":[171],"This":[172],"only":[174],"solves":[175],"problem":[177],"sufficiently":[181],"datasets,":[183],"but":[184],"also":[185],"reduces":[186],"need":[188],"expert-defined":[190],"features.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
