{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122886537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","title":"Text classification models for the automatic detection of nonmedical prescription medication use from social media","display_name":"Text classification models for the automatic detection of nonmedical prescription medication use from social media","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122886537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","mag":"3122886537","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004858670","display_name":"Mohammed Ali Al-Garadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Ali Al-Garadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. maalgar@emory.edu.edu","Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-2687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. maalgar@emory.edu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055970007","display_name":"Yuan\u2010Chi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5441-8371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan-Chi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050528732","display_name":"Haitao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4913-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057035779","display_name":"Yucheng Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-6587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025763545","display_name":"Karen O\u2019Connor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7709-3813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen O\u2019Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022014033","display_name":"Graciela Gonzalez\u2010Hernandez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6416-9556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gonzalez-Hernandez Graciela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066034988","display_name":"Jeanmarie Perrone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3396-6333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanmarie Perrone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086087170","display_name":"Abeed Sarker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7358-544X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abeed Sarker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004858670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2690},"fwci":17.1337,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99592732,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.15199999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.15199999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12027","display_name":"Social Media in Health Education","score":0.12610000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.1160999983549118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.752282977104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-prescription","display_name":"Medical prescription","score":0.6928815245628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6912773847579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.41618987917900085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39279553294181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36336445808410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.26106685400009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23721420764923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.16963636875152588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.752282977104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.6928815245628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6912773847579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.41618987917900085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39279553294181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36336445808410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.26106685400009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23721420764923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.16963636875152588}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055553","descriptor_name":"Prescription Drugs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055553","descriptor_name":"Prescription Drugs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055553","descriptor_name":"Prescription Drugs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055553","descriptor_name":"Prescription Drugs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055656","descriptor_name":"Prescriptions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055656","descriptor_name":"Prescriptions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055656","descriptor_name":"Prescriptions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055656","descriptor_name":"Prescriptions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33499852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e3d951e49ef436fb998bd57e0f877c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e3d951e49ef436fb998bd57e0f877c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7835447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7835447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-021-01394-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4619907338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01DA046619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6125736746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 DA046619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122886537.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122886537.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179179905","https://openalex.org/W196214544","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1975587682","https://openalex.org/W2009797711","https://openalex.org/W2024862171","https://openalex.org/W2059039116","https://openalex.org/W2086869155","https://openalex.org/W2106525823","https://openalex.org/W2117897510","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2160481489","https://openalex.org/W2160578232","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2224826979","https://openalex.org/W2322190778","https://openalex.org/W2338389215","https://openalex.org/W2407776548","https://openalex.org/W2514172335","https://openalex.org/W2556166063","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2713013495","https://openalex.org/W2749051992","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2800690646","https://openalex.org/W2811238023","https://openalex.org/W2883607715","https://openalex.org/W2891488835","https://openalex.org/W2895296143","https://openalex.org/W2896425919","https://openalex.org/W2910149704","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2925863688","https://openalex.org/W2942199679","https://openalex.org/W2950813464","https://openalex.org/W2963353710","https://openalex.org/W2963716420","https://openalex.org/W2964046515","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2975059944","https://openalex.org/W2977497085","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2982875310","https://openalex.org/W2985796618","https://openalex.org/W2989502255","https://openalex.org/W2989817717","https://openalex.org/W2995717790","https://openalex.org/W3004346089","https://openalex.org/W3045669112","https://openalex.org/W3049565363","https://openalex.org/W4387255465","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Prescription":[1],"medication":[2,218],"(PM)":[3],"misuse/abuse":[4,219],"has":[5,18],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,21,278],"a":[8,22,31,111,230],"national":[9],"crisis":[10],"in":[11,238],"the":[12,52,98,116,119,126,149,162,214,235,250,255],"United":[13],"States,":[14],"and":[15,43,54,91,96,155,193,200,254,269],"social":[16,32,222,258],"media":[17,259],"been":[19,226],"suggested":[20],"potential":[23,279],"resource":[24],"for":[25,61,180],"performing":[26],"active":[27],"monitoring.":[28],"However,":[29],"automating":[30],"media-based":[33],"monitoring":[34,183],"system":[35],"is":[36,244],"challenging-requiring":[37],"advanced":[38],"natural":[39],"language":[40,76,260],"processing":[41],"(NLP)":[42],"machine":[44,104,198],"learning":[45,85,199,202],"methods.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50,114],"describe":[51],"development":[53],"evaluation":[55],"of":[56,64,118,184,210,216,252,257],"automatic":[57],"text":[58],"classification":[59,172,220],"models":[60,100,151,195],"detecting":[62],"self-reports":[63],"PM":[65,186],"abuse":[66],"from":[67,188,221],"Twitter.":[68,189],"METHODS:":[69],"We":[70,139],"experimented":[71],"with":[72,101,249],"state-of-the-art":[73],"bi-directional":[74],"transformer-based":[75,150],"models,":[77,203],"which":[78,224,239],"utilize":[79],"tweet-level":[80],"representations":[81],"that":[82,148],"enable":[83],"transfer":[84],"(e.g.,":[86],"BERT,":[87,191],"RoBERTa,":[88],"XLNet,":[89],"AlBERT,":[90],"DistilBERT),":[92],"proposed":[93],"fusion-based":[94,194],"approaches,":[95],"compared":[97,160],"developed":[99],"several":[102],"traditional":[103,197],"learning,":[105,108],"including":[106],"deep":[107,201],"approaches.":[109],"Using":[110],"public":[112],"dataset,":[113],"evaluated":[115],"performances":[117],"classifiers":[120],"on":[121,213],"their":[122],"abilities":[123],"to":[124,161,228,234,262,265],"classify":[125],"non-majority":[127],"\"abuse/misuse\"":[128],"class.":[129],"RESULTS:":[130],"-score":[131],"[95%":[132],"CI]:":[133],"0.67":[134],"[0.64-0.69]":[135],"vs.":[136],"0.45":[137],"[0.42-0.48]).":[138],"illustrate,":[140],"via":[141],"experimentation":[142],"using":[143],"varying":[144],"training":[145],"set":[146],"sizes,":[147],"are":[152,276],"more":[153],"stable":[154],"require":[156],"less":[157],"annotated":[158],"data":[159],"other":[163],"models.":[164,271],"The":[165],"significant":[166],"improvements":[167,206],"achieved":[168],"by":[169],"our":[170],"best-performing":[171],"model":[173],"over":[174,207],"past":[175,211],"approaches":[176],"makes":[177],"it":[178],"suitable":[179],"automated":[181],"continuous":[182],"nonmedical":[185,242],"use":[187,243],"CONCLUSIONS:":[190],"BERT-like":[192,270],"outperform":[196],"achieving":[204],"substantial":[205],"many":[208],"years":[209],"research":[212,281],"topic":[215],"prescription":[217],"media,":[223],"had":[225],"shown":[227],"be":[229,263],"complex":[231],"task":[232],"due":[233],"unique":[236],"ways":[237],"information":[240],"about":[241],"presented.":[245],"Several":[246],"challenges":[247,275],"associated":[248],"lack":[251],"context":[253],"nature":[256],"need":[261],"overcome":[264],"further":[266],"improve":[267],"BERT":[268],"These":[272],"experimental":[273],"driven":[274],"represented":[277],"future":[280],"directions.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}