{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042110234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","title":"Enhanced character-level deep convolutional neural networks for cardiovascular disease prediction","display_name":"Enhanced character-level deep convolutional neural networks for cardiovascular disease prediction","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042110234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","mag":"3042110234","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32646495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101523487","display_name":"Zhichang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68986083","display_name":"Northwest Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00gx3j908","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhichang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China. zzc@nwnu.edu.cn","College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China. zzc@nwnu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019512392","display_name":"Yanlong Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4940-5546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68986083","display_name":"Northwest Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00gx3j908","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanlong Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100662818","display_name":"Xiaoli Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68986083","display_name":"Northwest Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00gx3j908","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103256800","display_name":"Minyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9197-3283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68986083","display_name":"Northwest Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00gx3j908","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101523487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68986083"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":1.3426,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85134185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"S3","first_page":"123","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.8554999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.8554999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0494999997317791,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7880350947380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7257456183433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5946813821792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5928298234939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5005955696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4984886646270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47062376141548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.4550860524177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4325532615184784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.367326557636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3352105915546417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2094482183456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.11922401189804077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7880350947380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7257456183433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5946813821792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5928298234939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5005955696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4984886646270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47062376141548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.4550860524177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4325532615184784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.367326557636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3352105915546417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2094482183456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.11922401189804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32646495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32646495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a56492b3ccf4f5aac5d5f1fc532f96b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a56492b3ccf4f5aac5d5f1fc532f96b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 20, Iss S3, Pp 1-10 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7346321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7346321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-1118-z","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042110234.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042110234.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1810499140","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1990652932","https://openalex.org/W1991133427","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295030615","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2413904250","https://openalex.org/W2557844793","https://openalex.org/W2575657035","https://openalex.org/W2619380300","https://openalex.org/W2786959368","https://openalex.org/W2947168485","https://openalex.org/W2947984200","https://openalex.org/W2951701153","https://openalex.org/W2953111739","https://openalex.org/W2959345159","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2962902328","https://openalex.org/W2968554085","https://openalex.org/W3177525997","https://openalex.org/W4231803773","https://openalex.org/W4301045096","https://openalex.org/W6647735952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4399254932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Electronic":[1],"medical":[2,9],"records":[3],"contain":[4],"a":[5,166,169,174],"variety":[6],"of":[7,28,57,64,91,128,135,182],"valuable":[8],"information":[10],"for":[11,24,60,108],"patients.":[12],"So,":[13],"when":[14],"we":[15,43],"are":[16,35],"able":[17,36],"to":[18,37,40,47,86],"recognize":[19],"and":[20,34,137,162,171],"extract":[21],"risk":[22,121,160],"factors":[23,161],"disease":[25,32,110],"from":[26],"EMRs":[27,79,118],"patients":[29],"with":[30,190],"cardiovascular":[31,109],"(CVD),":[33],"use":[38],"them":[39],"predict":[41],"CVD,":[42],"have":[44],"the":[45,61,67,114,138,144,179,187],"ability":[46],"automatically":[48],"process":[49],"clinical":[50,62],"texts,":[51],"resulting":[52],"in":[53,177,193,200],"an":[54,99],"improved":[55],"accuracy":[56],"supporting":[58],"doctors":[59],"diagnosis":[63],"CVD.":[65],"In":[66],"case":[68],"where":[69],"CVD":[70,76],"is":[71,141],"becoming":[72],"more":[73],"worldwide,":[74],"predictive":[75],"based":[77,152],"on":[78,153],"has":[80],"been":[81],"studied":[82],"by":[83],"many":[84],"researchers":[85],"address":[87],"this":[88],"important":[89],"aspect":[90],"improving":[92,178],"diagnostic":[93],"efficiency.":[94],"METHODS:":[95],"This":[96],"paper":[97],"proposes":[98],"Enhanced":[100],"Character-level":[101],"Deep":[102],"Convolutional":[103],"Neural":[104],"Networks":[105],"(EnDCNN)":[106],"model":[107,125,132,151,195],"prediction.":[111],"RESULTS:":[112],"On":[113],"manually":[115],"annotated":[116],"Chinese":[117],"corpus,":[119],"our":[120,130,194],"factor":[122],"identification":[123],"extraction":[124],"achieved":[126,133],"0.9073":[127],"F-score,":[129,136],"prediction":[131,139],"0.9516":[134],"result":[140],"better":[142],"than":[143],"most":[145],"previous":[146],"methods.":[147],"CONCLUSIONS:":[148],"The":[149],"character-level":[150],"text":[154],"region":[155],"embedding":[156],"can":[157],"well":[158],"map":[159],"their":[163],"labels":[164],"as":[165],"unit":[167],"into":[168],"vector,":[170],"downsampling":[172],"plays":[173],"crucial":[175],"role":[176],"training":[180],"efficiency":[181],"deep":[183],"CNN.":[184],"What's":[185],"more,":[186],"shortcut":[188],"connections":[189],"pre-activation":[191],"used":[192],"architecture":[196],"implements":[197],"dimension-matching":[198],"free":[199],"training.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
