{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112067326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","title":"Explanation and prediction of clinical data with imbalanced class distribution based on pattern discovery and disentanglement","display_name":"Explanation and prediction of clinical data with imbalanced class distribution based on pattern discovery and disentanglement","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112067326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","mag":"3112067326","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33422088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037436336","display_name":"Pei-Yuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6651-0079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pei-Yuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. choupeiyuan.ca@gmail.com","Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6651-0079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. choupeiyuan.ca@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051841038","display_name":"Andrew K. C. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0019-7152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew K. C. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037436336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":2.2384,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89673666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"16","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.7843999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.7843999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.056699998676776886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.04859999939799309,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8925687670707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6284352540969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.614438533782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5724377632141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5394718050956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5187392830848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4886026978492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notice","display_name":"Notice","score":0.4802180230617523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4681810438632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.32938921451568604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8925687670707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6284352540969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.614438533782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5724377632141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5394718050956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5187392830848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4886026978492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001","display_name":"Notice","level":2,"score":0.4802180230617523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4681810438632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32938921451568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33422088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33422088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:485ac8fd294340b7ba8237a4a210f538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/485ac8fd294340b7ba8237a4a210f538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7796578","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7796578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01356-y","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1762417082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"50503-10275 500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3658025642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"50503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6069158050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"xxxxx 50503-10275 500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321487","funder_display_name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321487","display_name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112067326.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112067326.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W47135330","https://openalex.org/W94191208","https://openalex.org/W142793689","https://openalex.org/W571200655","https://openalex.org/W752888290","https://openalex.org/W1968601254","https://openalex.org/W2003787915","https://openalex.org/W2010689308","https://openalex.org/W2031828384","https://openalex.org/W2101156862","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2101807845","https://openalex.org/W2107005225","https://openalex.org/W2110893883","https://openalex.org/W2128933128","https://openalex.org/W2132520255","https://openalex.org/W2158779444","https://openalex.org/W2161970221","https://openalex.org/W2166559705","https://openalex.org/W2521200999","https://openalex.org/W2549696261","https://openalex.org/W2605158894","https://openalex.org/W2606358176","https://openalex.org/W2730947260","https://openalex.org/W2775135358","https://openalex.org/W2791624206","https://openalex.org/W2806124681","https://openalex.org/W2892884209","https://openalex.org/W2895763047","https://openalex.org/W2897069058","https://openalex.org/W2901942035","https://openalex.org/W2908201961","https://openalex.org/W2911462778","https://openalex.org/W2964676347","https://openalex.org/W2998574808","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W4235091326","https://openalex.org/W4243367342","https://openalex.org/W4292905395","https://openalex.org/W6839808826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W2806259446","https://openalex.org/W1986582023","https://openalex.org/W2883749686","https://openalex.org/W2966829450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Statistical":[1],"data":[2,86,135,198,297,349],"analysis,":[3],"especially":[4],"the":[5,24,52,61,95,138,144,179,203,207,245,258,288,306,323,339],"advanced":[6],"machine":[7],"learning":[8],"(ML)":[9],"methods,":[10],"have":[11],"attracted":[12],"considerable":[13],"interest":[14],"in":[15,37,46,79,267,305,337],"clinical":[16,40,96,134,197,221,348],"practices.":[17],"We":[18],"are":[19,44,260],"looking":[20],"for":[21,85,116,199,316,351],"interpretability":[22,289],"of":[23,102,169,173,191,206,232,251,290,330],"diagnostic/prognostic":[25],"results":[26,58,78,294],"that":[27,51,71,156,224,299],"will":[28],"bring":[29],"confidence":[30],"to":[31,93,124,132,178,237,247,270,286,347,353],"doctors,":[32],"patients":[33,103,208],"and":[34,39,76,98,114,129,163,201,213,219,262,311,318],"their":[35],"relatives":[36],"therapeutics":[38],"practice.":[41],"When":[42],"datasets":[43],"imbalanced":[45,88,340],"diagnostic":[47,100],"categories,":[48],"we":[49,107],"notice":[50],"ordinary":[53],"ML":[54,325],"methods":[55,70,326],"might":[56],"produce":[57,73],"overwhelmed":[59],"by":[60],"majority":[62],"classes":[63],"diminishing":[64],"prediction":[65,101,268],"accuracy.":[66],"Hence,":[67],"it":[68],"needs":[69],"could":[72],"explicit":[74],"transparent":[75],"interpretable":[77,272,335],"decision-making,":[80],"without":[81],"sacrificing":[82],"accuracy,":[83,106],"even":[84,136,209,257],"with":[87,104,210,282,313],"groups.":[89],"METHODS:":[90],"In":[91,143,276],"order":[92],"interpret":[94,248],"patterns":[97,126,195,235,252,281,291,303],"conduct":[99],"high":[105],"develop":[108],"a":[109,148,152,167,187,229,320,333],"novel":[110,334],"method,":[111],"Pattern":[112],"Discovery":[113],"Disentanglement":[115],"Clinical":[117],"Data":[118],"Analysis":[119],"(cPDD),":[120],"which":[121,322],"is":[122,141,151],"able":[123],"discover":[125,186,228],"(correlated":[127],"traits/indicants)":[128],"use":[130],"them":[131,309],"classify":[133],"if":[137],"class":[139,205,341],"distribution":[140],"imbalanced.":[142],"most":[145],"general":[146],"setting,":[147],"relational":[149],"dataset":[150,222],"large":[153],"table":[154],"such":[155],"each":[157,164],"column":[158],"represents":[159],"an":[160,174],"attribute":[161,170],"(trait/indicant),":[162],"row":[165],"contains":[166],"set":[168,190,231],"values":[171],"(AVs)":[172],"entity":[175],"(patient).":[176],"Compared":[177],"existing":[180,239],"pattern":[181,240],"discovery":[182,241],"approaches,":[183],"cPDD":[184,225,278,300,331],"can":[185,226],"small":[188,212],"succinct":[189,233,249],"statistically":[192],"significant":[193,234],"high-order":[194],"from":[196,254],"interpreting":[200],"predicting":[202],"disease":[204],"groups":[211,259],"rare.":[214],"RESULTS:":[215],"Experiments":[216],"on":[217,295],"synthetic":[218,296],"thoracic":[220],"showed":[223],"1)":[227],"smaller":[230],"compared":[236,269],"other":[238,271],"methods;":[242],"2)":[243],"allow":[244],"users":[246],"sets":[250],"coming":[253],"uncorrelated":[255],"sources,":[256],"rare/small;":[261],"3)":[263],"obtain":[264],"better":[265],"performance":[266],"classification":[273],"approaches.":[274],"CONCLUSIONS:":[275],"conclusion,":[277],"discovers":[279,301],"fewer":[280],"greater":[283],"comprehensive":[284],"coverage":[285],"improve":[287],"discovered.":[292],"Experimental":[293],"validated":[298],"all":[302],"implanted":[304],"data,":[307],"displays":[308],"precisely":[310],"succinctly":[312],"statistical":[314],"support":[315],"interpretation":[317],"prediction,":[319],"capability":[321],"traditional":[324],"lack.":[327],"The":[328],"success":[329],"as":[332],"method":[336],"solving":[338],"problem":[342],"shows":[343],"its":[344],"great":[345],"potential":[346],"analysis":[350],"years":[352],"come.":[354]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}