{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3114820288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","title":"Natural language processing (NLP) tools in extracting biomedical concepts from research articles: a case study on autism spectrum disorder","display_name":"Natural language processing (NLP) tools in extracting biomedical concepts from research articles: a case study on autism spectrum disorder","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3114820288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","mag":"3114820288","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33380331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042874661","display_name":"Jacqueline Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6231-3684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacqueline Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102776116","display_name":"Mengge Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-6235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengge Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071887502","display_name":"James M. Havrilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-1362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Havrilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331534","display_name":"Cong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6024-3037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009604048","display_name":"Chunhua Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-0214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhua Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004254148","display_name":"W. Spencer Guthrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-1050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94690351","display_name":"Center for Autism and Related Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/00t7r5h51","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94690351"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Whitney Guthrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","Center for Autism Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Autism Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130","https://openalex.org/I94690351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047258772","display_name":"Robert T. Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9817-3425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94690351","display_name":"Center for Autism and Related Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/00t7r5h51","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94690351"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","Center for Autism Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Autism Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130","https://openalex.org/I94690351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437036","display_name":"Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-4744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. wangk@email.chop.edu","Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. wangk@email.chop.edu","Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. wangk@email.chop.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. wangk@email.chop.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620673","display_name":"Yunyun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-8575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunyun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. yzhou.umc@gmail.com","Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-8575","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. yzhou.umc@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100437036","https://openalex.org/A5100620673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":1.7147,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85159802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"S11","first_page":"322","last_page":"322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.8442000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.8442000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11642","display_name":"Genomics and Rare Diseases","score":0.029600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.7055221796035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","score":0.6514516472816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6140690445899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.5681247711181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5380854606628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5151275396347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism","display_name":"Autism","score":0.4444439709186554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3269040286540985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3232947587966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.16780513525009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16110965609550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.13178429007530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.07539823651313782}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.7055221796035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.6514516472816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6140690445899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5681247711181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5380854606628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5151275396347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.4444439709186554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3269040286540985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3232947587966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.16780513525009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16110965609550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.13178429007530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07539823651313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067877","descriptor_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067877","descriptor_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067877","descriptor_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33380331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33380331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8860af24f15644de80af6066f664e30c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8860af24f15644de80af6066f664e30c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 20, Iss S11, Pp 1-9 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7772897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7772897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/7xf5-gk62","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/7xf5-gk62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01352-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1998495554","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LM012895","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6987032315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 LM012895","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G895422422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LM012895","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00baak391"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114820288.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114820288.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966335466","https://openalex.org/W2007382757","https://openalex.org/W2014966922","https://openalex.org/W2018428373","https://openalex.org/W2035132954","https://openalex.org/W2045110344","https://openalex.org/W2061327015","https://openalex.org/W2122402213","https://openalex.org/W2140213838","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2151636613","https://openalex.org/W2151812566","https://openalex.org/W2171548451","https://openalex.org/W2488962145","https://openalex.org/W2514033258","https://openalex.org/W2769851464","https://openalex.org/W2782326210","https://openalex.org/W2891469329"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350593162","https://openalex.org/W2390350206","https://openalex.org/W1969477129","https://openalex.org/W2921208823","https://openalex.org/W2353483812","https://openalex.org/W2131808775","https://openalex.org/W2130038259","https://openalex.org/W2360756181","https://openalex.org/W2374093222","https://openalex.org/W2359533638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Natural":[1],"language":[2],"processing":[3],"(NLP)":[4],"tools":[5,27,38,78],"can":[6,185],"facilitate":[7],"the":[8,34,98,126,141],"extraction":[9],"of":[10,67,146],"biomedical":[11,41],"concepts":[12],"from":[13,51,118],"unstructured":[14],"free":[15],"texts,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,84,97],"research":[19],"articles":[20,114],"or":[21,191],"clinical":[22,70],"notes.":[23],"The":[24,178],"NLP":[25,77],"software":[26],"CLAMP,":[28,107],"cTAKES,":[29,108],"and":[30,69,109,115,132,152,166,170],"MetaMap":[31,110,171],"are":[32],"among":[33],"most":[35],"widely":[36],"used":[37,181],"to":[39,120,188,199],"extract":[40,121],"concept":[42],"entities.":[43],"However,":[44],"their":[45,201],"performance":[46,102,128,143],"in":[47,144,182],"extracting":[48],"disease-specific":[49],"terminology":[50,197],"literature":[52,96],"has":[53,140,160],"not":[54],"been":[55],"compared":[56],"extensively,":[57],"especially":[58],"for":[59,101],"complex":[60],"neuropsychiatric":[61,190],"disorders":[62,193],"with":[63],"a":[64,85],"diverse":[65],"set":[66],"phenotypic":[68,202],"manifestations.":[71],"METHODS:":[72],"We":[73,88,124,136],"comparatively":[74],"evaluated":[75,125],"these":[76],"using":[79,129],"autism":[80],"spectrum":[81],"disorder":[82],"(ASD)":[83],"case":[86],"study.":[87],"collected":[89],"827":[90],"ASD-related":[91,122],"terms":[92,145],"based":[93],"on":[94,111],"previous":[95],"benchmark":[99],"list":[100],"evaluation.":[103],"Then,":[104],"we":[105],"applied":[106,187],"544":[112],"full-text":[113],"20,408":[116],"abstracts":[117],"PubMed":[119],"terms.":[123],"predictive":[127],"precision,":[130],"recall,":[131],"F1":[133,147],"score.":[134],"RESULTS:":[135],"found":[137],"that":[138,158,194],"CLAMP":[139,159],"best":[142],"score":[148],"followed":[149],"by":[150],"cTAKES":[151,165,169],"then":[153],"MetaMap.":[154],"Our":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"much":[161],"higher":[162,173],"precision":[163],"than":[164,175],"MetaMap,":[167],"while":[168],"have":[172],"recall":[174],"CLAMP.":[176],"CONCLUSION:":[177],"analysis":[179],"protocols":[180],"this":[183],"study":[184],"be":[186],"other":[189],"neurodevelopmental":[192],"lack":[195],"well-defined":[196],"sets":[198],"describe":[200],"presentations.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}