{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112664803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","title":"Can statistical adjustment guided by causal inference improve the accuracy of effect estimation? A simulation and empirical research based on meta-analyses of case\u2013control studies","display_name":"Can statistical adjustment guided by causal inference improve the accuracy of effect estimation? A simulation and empirical research based on meta-analyses of case\u2013control studies","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112664803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","mag":"3112664803","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33308213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013961443","display_name":"Ruohua Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-5962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144404","display_name":"Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skmn292","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruohua Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430615","display_name":"Tianyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3747-6487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114036","display_name":"AstraZeneca (Singapore)","ror":"https://ror.org/023p4rz42","country_code":"SG","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105036370","https://openalex.org/I4210114036"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144404","display_name":"Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skmn292","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China","Evidence Generation, Medical Affairs, AstraZenaca, Level 22, International Fortune Center, Jianguomenwai Avenue 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100010, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evidence Generation, Medical Affairs, AstraZenaca, Level 22, International Fortune Center, Jianguomenwai Avenue 8, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100010, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114036"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038004888","display_name":"Yaguang Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-6464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144404","display_name":"Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skmn292","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaguang Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001979626","display_name":"Xiaoxia Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-469X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144404","display_name":"Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skmn292","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxia Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China. pengxiaoxia@bch.com.cn","Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-469X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China. pengxiaoxia@bch.com.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Nanlishilu 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144404","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013961443"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183519381","https://openalex.org/I4210144404"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":0.6646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73363256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"333","last_page":"333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.8712999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.8712999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.05510000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13051","display_name":"Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research","score":0.018300000578165054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.7866389751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-analysis","score":0.6385119557380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.6222416758537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-inference","display_name":"Statistical inference","score":0.5897611379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5860078930854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5786483883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5662590861320496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.47289860248565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.45119544863700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.41263046860694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3749980926513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3704424500465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35481852293014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33177655935287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20707154273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16823959350585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.14242815971374512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.08889386057853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08731544017791748}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.7866389751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.6385119557380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.6222416758537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.5897611379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5860078930854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5786483883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5662590861320496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.47289860248565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.45119544863700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.41263046860694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3749980926513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3704424500465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35481852293014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33177655935287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20707154273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16823959350585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.14242815971374512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08889386057853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08731544017791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015201","descriptor_name":"Meta-Analysis as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036262","descriptor_name":"Empirical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036262","descriptor_name":"Empirical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036262","descriptor_name":"Empirical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33308213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33308213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba44ac1654df42178018ada0c7473c11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba44ac1654df42178018ada0c7473c11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7731571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7731571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01343-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2261818611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XTCX201812","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325911","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4605140694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYLX201840","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325706","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325706","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325911","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals","ror":"https://ror.org/04baakq55"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112664803.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112664803.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1918813775","https://openalex.org/W1939289385","https://openalex.org/W1939552637","https://openalex.org/W1966407306","https://openalex.org/W1966619479","https://openalex.org/W1968886567","https://openalex.org/W1969512053","https://openalex.org/W1979423827","https://openalex.org/W1980350753","https://openalex.org/W1982070737","https://openalex.org/W1982130175","https://openalex.org/W2032506622","https://openalex.org/W2069714475","https://openalex.org/W2070465052","https://openalex.org/W2086722797","https://openalex.org/W2095967516","https://openalex.org/W2115855976","https://openalex.org/W2116475791","https://openalex.org/W2118032584","https://openalex.org/W2122968608","https://openalex.org/W2151402586","https://openalex.org/W2151684674","https://openalex.org/W2153287976","https://openalex.org/W2155132414","https://openalex.org/W2161147823","https://openalex.org/W2166948918","https://openalex.org/W2283810789","https://openalex.org/W2513549274","https://openalex.org/W2516570683","https://openalex.org/W2612691074","https://openalex.org/W2775363893","https://openalex.org/W2780208469","https://openalex.org/W2783147278","https://openalex.org/W2786897084","https://openalex.org/W2802045099","https://openalex.org/W2883545209","https://openalex.org/W2885675882","https://openalex.org/W2935920497","https://openalex.org/W2937039039","https://openalex.org/W3009392267","https://openalex.org/W3098865414","https://openalex.org/W4241375377","https://openalex.org/W4244267183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W137830373","https://openalex.org/W3000984192","https://openalex.org/W2148385623","https://openalex.org/W2103073163","https://openalex.org/W2542556882","https://openalex.org/W4286952477","https://openalex.org/W2150156711","https://openalex.org/W4225755453","https://openalex.org/W4321348134","https://openalex.org/W2748822022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Statistical":[1,227],"adjustment":[2,18,50,64,70,78,91,131,228],"is":[3,40],"often":[4],"considered":[5],"to":[6,42,45,54,129,142],"control":[7],"confounding":[8],"bias":[9,196],"in":[10,29,51,197],"observational":[11],"studies,":[12,244],"especially":[13,200],"case-control":[14,52,122,243],"studies.":[15],"However,":[16],"different":[17,130,155],"strategies":[19,65],"may":[20],"affect":[21,31],"the":[22,32,48,56,84,114,136,144,147,170,202,216,223,245],"estimation":[23],"of":[24,34,58,63,86,103,116,121,146,157,205,215,242],"odds":[25],"ratios":[26],"(ORs),":[27],"and":[28,89,112,252,263,271],"turn":[30],"results":[33],"their":[35],"pooled":[36],"analyses.":[37],"Our":[38],"study":[39],"aimed":[41],"investigate":[43],"how":[44],"deal":[46],"with":[47,154],"statistical":[49],"studies":[53,123],"improve":[55],"validity":[57],"meta-analyses.":[59],"METHODS:":[60],"Three":[61],"types":[62],"were":[66,75,81,96,163,180,219],"evaluated":[67],"including":[68],"insufficient":[69],"(not":[71],"all":[72,152],"preset":[73],"confounders":[74,80,95,167,185],"adjusted),":[76],"full":[77],"(all":[79],"adjusted":[82,165,183,188],"under":[83],"guidance":[85],"causal":[87,158,198,231,246],"inference),":[88],"improper":[90],"(covariates":[92],"other":[93],"than":[94],"adjusted).":[97],"We":[98],"carried":[99],"out":[100],"a":[101,259],"series":[102],"Monte":[104],"Carlo":[105],"simulation":[106,148,217],"experiments":[107,218],"based":[108],"on":[109,207],"predesigned":[110],"scenarios,":[111],"assessed":[113],"accuracy":[115],"effect":[117,173,204,236],"estimations":[118],"from":[119,138],"meta-analyses":[120,241],"by":[124,222,230,249,273],"combining":[125,160,177],"ORs":[126,161,178,267],"calculated":[127],"according":[128],"strategies.":[132],"Then":[133],"we":[134],"used":[135],"data":[137],"an":[139],"empirical":[140,224],"review":[141],"illustrate":[143],"replicability":[145],"results.":[149],"RESULTS:":[150],"For":[151],"scenarios":[153],"strength":[156],"relations,":[159],"that":[162,179],"comprehensively":[164],"for":[166,184,189,235],"would":[168,193],"get":[169],"most":[171],"precise":[172],"estimation.":[174,237],"By":[175],"contrast,":[176],"not":[181],"sufficiently":[182],"or":[186,191,211],"improperly":[187],"mediators":[190],"colliders":[192],"easily":[194],"introduce":[195],"interpretation,":[199],"when":[201,239],"true":[203],"exposure":[206],"outcome":[208],"was":[209],"weak":[210],"none.":[212],"The":[213],"findings":[214],"further":[220],"verified":[221],"research.":[225],"CONCLUSIONS:":[226],"guided":[229],"inference":[232],"are":[233],"recommended":[234],"Therefore,":[238],"conducting":[240],"relationship":[247],"formulated":[248],"exposure,":[250],"outcome,":[251],"covariates":[253],"should":[254],"be":[255,269],"firstly":[256],"understood":[257],"through":[258],"directed":[260],"acyclic":[261],"graph,":[262],"then":[264],"reasonable":[265],"original":[266],"could":[268],"extracted":[270],"combined":[272],"suitable":[274],"methods.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}