{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3111550798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","title":"Towards semantic interoperability: finding and repairing hidden contradictions in biomedical ontologies","display_name":"Towards semantic interoperability: finding and repairing hidden contradictions in biomedical ontologies","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3111550798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","mag":"3111550798","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33319712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064709498","display_name":"Luke T. Slater","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308923049","display_name":"University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/014ja3n03","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308923049"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luke T. Slater","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. l.slater.1@bham.ac.uk","Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. l.slater.1@bham.ac.uk","College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-0670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. l.slater.1@bham.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. l.slater.1@bham.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308923049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089900113","display_name":"Georgios V. Gkoutos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-091X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308923049","display_name":"University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/014ja3n03","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308923049"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136696","display_name":"NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/042sjcz88","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210136696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142469","display_name":"Health Data Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/04rtjaj74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162943","display_name":"NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05ccjmp23","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210162943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163415","display_name":"NIHR CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05bfg0961","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802965805","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210163415","https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios V. Gkoutos","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR UK Midlands, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308923049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR UK Midlands, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163415"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043808311","display_name":"Robert Hoehndorf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8149-5890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Hoehndorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064709498"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308923049","https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":1.0004,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75488918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"S10","first_page":"311","last_page":"311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9276000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9276000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.04309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7354286909103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.717887818813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-biomedical-ontologies","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","score":0.698211669921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6385045051574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5712530612945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idef5","display_name":"IDEF5","score":0.5559515953063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-components","display_name":"Ontology components","score":0.5383483171463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.458821564912796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-reasoning","display_name":"Automated reasoning","score":0.4551347494125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.37256407737731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3322181701660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.32955121994018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27424317598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.23411977291107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-alignment","display_name":"Ontology alignment","score":0.1504167914390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13451454043388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12777650356292725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7354286909103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.717887818813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137982476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7072326","display_name":"Open Biomedical Ontologies","level":5,"score":0.698211669921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6385045051574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5712530612945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118248724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5969997","display_name":"IDEF5","level":4,"score":0.5559515953063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154210476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095057","display_name":"Ontology components","level":5,"score":0.5383483171463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.458821564912796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4551347494125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.37256407737731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3322181701660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.32955121994018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27424317598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.23411977291107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98893333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339878","display_name":"Ontology alignment","level":4,"score":0.1504167914390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13451454043388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12777650356292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064229","descriptor_name":"Biological Ontologies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064229","descriptor_name":"Biological Ontologies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064229","descriptor_name":"Biological Ontologies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33319712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33319712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b5a78500dde4f76b0cdc6f4c414af12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b5a78500dde4f76b0cdc6f4c414af12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 20, Iss S10, Pp 1-13 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7736131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7736131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/658cb367-eb24-4f6b-91a9-db535ce27ef1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/658cb367-eb24-4f6b-91a9-db535ce27ef1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Slater, L T, Gkoutos, G V & Hoehndorf, R 2020, 'Towards semantic interoperability : finding and repairing hidden contradictions in biomedical ontologies', BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 20, no. Suppl 10, 311, pp. 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2344873991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"URF/1/3790-01-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","funder_display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6036059206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"731032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7212143077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HDRUK/CFC/01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111550798.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111550798.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55962619","https://openalex.org/W74455598","https://openalex.org/W181857603","https://openalex.org/W1487060125","https://openalex.org/W1520328885","https://openalex.org/W1523017397","https://openalex.org/W1555563750","https://openalex.org/W1565223119","https://openalex.org/W1601038846","https://openalex.org/W1700374418","https://openalex.org/W1757909678","https://openalex.org/W1802346448","https://openalex.org/W1963354518","https://openalex.org/W1969816234","https://openalex.org/W1975442866","https://openalex.org/W1998028266","https://openalex.org/W2000783164","https://openalex.org/W2005564477","https://openalex.org/W2021074129","https://openalex.org/W2026729478","https://openalex.org/W2036265926","https://openalex.org/W2037382435","https://openalex.org/W2040712196","https://openalex.org/W2095353706","https://openalex.org/W2103017472","https://openalex.org/W2103260426","https://openalex.org/W2108309071","https://openalex.org/W2111299816","https://openalex.org/W2113142309","https://openalex.org/W2117902162","https://openalex.org/W2126434293","https://openalex.org/W2129671194","https://openalex.org/W2133045719","https://openalex.org/W2138903443","https://openalex.org/W2141201603","https://openalex.org/W2145627818","https://openalex.org/W2159092541","https://openalex.org/W2165720102","https://openalex.org/W2168340032","https://openalex.org/W2170282111","https://openalex.org/W2178026535","https://openalex.org/W2187363965","https://openalex.org/W2216357933","https://openalex.org/W2265380572","https://openalex.org/W2558643140","https://openalex.org/W2593223699","https://openalex.org/W2769436351","https://openalex.org/W2903298154","https://openalex.org/W2965518110","https://openalex.org/W3035434194","https://openalex.org/W4212919921","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6893429216","https://openalex.org/W6964261857","https://openalex.org/W6964404588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W991275336","https://openalex.org/W1506177826","https://openalex.org/W2125569773","https://openalex.org/W2726617685","https://openalex.org/W164246185","https://openalex.org/W4232959661","https://openalex.org/W2398356932","https://openalex.org/W4402330676","https://openalex.org/W174539737","https://openalex.org/W2188365188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Ontologies":[1],"are":[2,26,31,97],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"throughout":[5],"the":[6,13,150,154,158,164,177,252,288],"biomedical":[7,239],"domain.":[8,22],"These":[9],"ontologies":[10,36,50,87,127,160,179,200,285],"formally":[11],"represent":[12],"classes":[14,96,250],"and":[15,42,88,103,117,120,142,157,161,241],"relations":[16],"assumed":[17],"to":[18,92,124,170,182,195,214],"exist":[19],"within":[20],"a":[21,63,105,130,140,228,235,255,269,280],"As":[23],"scientific":[24],"domains":[25,53],"deeply":[27],"interlinked,":[28],"so":[29],"too":[30],"their":[32],"representations.":[33],"While":[34],"individual":[35],"can":[37,109],"be":[38,212],"tested":[39,149],"for":[40,67,112,216],"consistency":[41,152],"coherency":[43],"using":[44],"automated":[45,90],"reasoning":[46,91],"methods,":[47],"systematically":[48],"combining":[49],"of":[51,86,133,145,153,198,219,231,238,248,254,259],"multiple":[52],"together":[54],"may":[55],"reveal":[56],"previously":[57],"hidden":[58,68,232,266],"contradictions.":[59],"METHODS:":[60],"We":[61,148,188,226],"developed":[62],"method":[64],"that":[65,73,108,163,201,207,244,265],"tests":[66],"unsatisfiabilities":[69],"in":[70,139,203,272],"an":[71],"ontology":[72,273],"arise":[74],"when":[75,136],"combined":[76,84,165],"with":[77],"other":[78],"ontologies.":[79,146,224],"For":[80],"this":[81,245],"purpose,":[82],"we":[83,101,242,290],"sets":[85],"use":[89,121],"determine":[93,110],"whether":[94],"unsatisfiable":[95,174,186,204,249],"present.":[98],"In":[99],"addition,":[100],"designed":[102],"implemented":[104],"novel":[106],"algorithm":[107,194],"justifications":[111,123],"contradictions":[113],"across":[114,221,234],"extremely":[115],"large":[116,229,246],"complicated":[118],"ontologies,":[119,240],"these":[122],"semi-automatically":[125],"repair":[126,193],"by":[128,286],"identifying":[129],"small":[131,257],"set":[132,144,230,247],"axioms":[134,210],"that,":[135],"removed,":[137],"result":[138,253],"consistent":[141,284],"coherent":[143],"RESULTS:":[147],"mutual":[151],"OBO":[155,159,166,178,199,223],"Foundry":[156,167],"find":[162,243],"gives":[168],"rise":[169,181],"at":[171],"least":[172],"636":[173],"classes,":[175,205],"while":[176],"give":[180],"more":[183,283],"than":[184],"300,000":[185],"classes.":[187],"also":[189,278],"applied":[190],"our":[191,276],"semi-automatic":[192],"each":[196],"combination":[197],"resulted":[202],"finding":[206],"only":[208],"117":[209],"could":[211],"removed":[213],"account":[215],"all":[217,222],"cases":[218],"unsatisfiability":[220,233,267],"CONCLUSIONS:":[225],"identified":[227],"broad":[236],"range":[237],"is":[251,268],"relatively":[256],"amount":[258],"axiomatic":[260],"disagreements.":[261],"Our":[262],"results":[263,277],"show":[264],"serious":[270],"problem":[271],"interoperability;":[274],"however,":[275],"provide":[279],"way":[281],"towards":[282],"addressing":[287],"issues":[289],"identified.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}