{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972524821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","title":"A validated natural language processing algorithm for brain imaging phenotypes from radiology reports in UK electronic health records","display_name":"A validated natural language processing algorithm for brain imaging phenotypes from radiology reports in UK electronic health records","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972524821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","mag":"2972524821","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009330199","display_name":"Emily Wheater","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-293X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Wheater","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015336511","display_name":"Grant Mair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2189-443X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grant Mair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081850154","display_name":"Cathie Sudlow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-7520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142469","display_name":"Health Data Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/04rtjaj74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cathie Sudlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Health Data Research UK Scotland, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Data Research UK Scotland, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043179000","display_name":"Beatrice Alex","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-1476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Alex","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101","https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108653041","display_name":"Claire Grover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7019-1250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Grover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101","https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058224218","display_name":"William Whiteley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-8991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Whiteley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. william.whiteley@ed.ac.uk","Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. william.whiteley@ed.ac.uk","Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-8991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. william.whiteley@ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. william.whiteley@ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058224218"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":1.7219,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86442006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"184","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4643000066280365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4643000066280365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.19599999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11763","display_name":"Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research","score":0.06650000065565109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.8537025451660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.6119886040687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.4563087522983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","score":0.4282614290714264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atrophy","display_name":"Atrophy","score":0.42782434821128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3847288489341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.35000449419021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatrics","display_name":"Pediatrics","score":0.3491750657558441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8537025451660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.6119886040687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4563087522983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.4282614290714264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194520","display_name":"Atrophy","level":2,"score":0.42782434821128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3847288489341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.35000449419021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3491750657558441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013222","descriptor_name":"State Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013222","descriptor_name":"State Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013222","descriptor_name":"State Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013222","descriptor_name":"State Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013222","descriptor_name":"State Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31500613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:901d2f272cd140859ad9f3d0f347c0b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/901d2f272cd140859ad9f3d0f347c0b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6734359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6734359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/1e1b6ac3-d8bd-49f7-b09d-d00629f54954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/1e1b6ac3-d8bd-49f7-b09d-d00629f54954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wheater, E, Mair, G, Sudlow, C, Alex, B, Grover, C & Whiteley, W 2019, 'A validated natural language processing algorithm for brain imaging phenotypes from radiology reports in UK electronic health records', Bmc medical informatics and decision making. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/1e1b6ac3-d8bd-49f7-b09d-d00629f54954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/1e1b6ac3-d8bd-49f7-b09d-d00629f54954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0908-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G115199707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MC_PC_17209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1211136949","display_name":"University of Edinburgh - Translational Neuroscience","funder_award_id":"203769","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1633672591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N510129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2416477662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TU/B/000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3659744260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAF/17/01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320176","funder_display_name":"Chief Scientist Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3855435662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N510129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072067573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G444630160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4500485203","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5974833712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G0902303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6364459132","display_name":"Healtex: UK Healthcare Text Analytics Research Network","funder_award_id":"EP/N027280/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G777199097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EPSRC grant EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8567994581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"203769/Z/16/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G85687723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N027280/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8597009950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8795210754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310838","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320176","display_name":"Chief Scientist Office","ror":"https://ror.org/01613vh25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972524821.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972524821.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68566686","https://openalex.org/W1985636906","https://openalex.org/W2004384146","https://openalex.org/W2020018978","https://openalex.org/W2026779664","https://openalex.org/W2048350854","https://openalex.org/W2082704080","https://openalex.org/W2114176457","https://openalex.org/W2133974927","https://openalex.org/W2163107094","https://openalex.org/W2338526423","https://openalex.org/W2560569441","https://openalex.org/W2614322402","https://openalex.org/W2927599034","https://openalex.org/W2955608151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2596633740","https://openalex.org/W4389342125","https://openalex.org/W77487230","https://openalex.org/W2336905391","https://openalex.org/W2415422155","https://openalex.org/W2142032529","https://openalex.org/W4233310237","https://openalex.org/W3111957334","https://openalex.org/W1978243650","https://openalex.org/W4220862360"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Manual":[1],"coding":[2],"of":[3,24,54,144,209,258,260],"phenotypes":[4,266],"in":[5,27,31,35,74,101,119,130,250],"brain":[6,25,47,178,264],"radiology":[7,28,253],"reports":[8,29,49,76,103,208,218],"is":[9],"time":[10],"consuming.":[11],"We":[12,43,84,205],"developed":[13,85,249],"a":[14,51,59,88,142,268],"natural":[15],"language":[16],"processing":[17],"(NLP)":[18],"algorithm":[19,91,136,246],"to":[20,62,255],"enable":[21],"automatic":[22],"identification":[23,257],"imaging":[26,48,265],"performed":[30],"routine":[32],"clinical":[33],"practice":[34],"the":[36,94,102,105,123,135,240],"UK":[37,251],"National":[38],"Health":[39],"Service":[40],"(NHS).":[41],"METHODS:":[42],"used":[44],"anonymized":[45],"text":[46,73],"from":[50,58,104,219],"cohort":[52,95],"study":[53],"stroke/TIA":[55],"patients":[56,261],"and":[57,64,80,86,97,190,195,200,232],"regional":[60,106,132],"hospital":[61,133],"develop":[63],"test":[65,125],"an":[66],"NLP":[67,90,245],"algorithm.":[68],"Two":[69],"experts":[70],"marked":[71],"up":[72],"1692":[75],"for":[77,141],"24":[78],"cerebrovascular":[79],"other":[81],"neurological":[82],"phenotypes.":[83],"tested":[87],"rule-based":[89],"first":[92],"within":[93],"study,":[96],"further":[98],"evaluated":[99],"it":[100],"hospital.":[107],"RESULTS:":[108],"The":[109],"agreement":[110],"between":[111],"expert":[112],"readers":[113],"was":[114],"excellent":[115],"(Cohen's":[116],"\u03ba":[117],"=0.93)":[118],"both":[120],"datasets.":[121],"In":[122,216],"final":[124],"dataset":[126],"(n":[127,223],"=":[128,224],"700)":[129],"unseen":[131],"reports,":[134],"had":[137],"very":[138],"good":[139],"performance":[140],"report":[143],"any":[145,162],"ischaemic":[146,235],"stroke":[147,164],"[sensitivity":[148,165,180],"89%":[149],"(95%":[150,160,167,172,176,188],"CI:81-94);":[151],"positive":[152],"predictive":[153],"value":[154],"(PPV)":[155],"85%":[156],"(76-90);":[157],"specificity":[158,174,201],"100%":[159,175,187],"CI:0.99-1.00)];":[161,177],"haemorrhagic":[163],"96%":[166,181],"CI:":[168],"80-99),":[169],"PPV":[170,183,199],"72%":[171],"CI:55-84);":[173],"tumours":[179],"(CI:87-99);":[182],"84%":[184],"(73-91);":[185],"specificity:":[186],"CI:0.99-1.00)]":[189],"cerebral":[191,196],"small":[192,227],"vessel":[193,228],"disease":[194,229],"atrophy":[197,222],"(sensitivity,":[198],"all":[202],">":[203],"97%).":[204],"obtained":[206],"few":[207],"subarachnoid":[210],"haemorrhage,":[211],"microbleeds":[212],"or":[213],"subdural":[214],"haematomas.":[215],"110,695":[217],"NHS":[220,252],"Tayside,":[221],"28,757,":[225],"26%),":[226],"(15,015,":[230],"14%)":[231],"old,":[233],"deep":[234],"strokes":[236],"(10,636,":[237],"10%)":[238],"were":[239],"commonest":[241],"findings.":[242],"CONCLUSIONS:":[243],"An":[244],"can":[247],"be":[248,274],"records":[254],"allow":[256],"cohorts":[259],"with":[262],"important":[263],"at":[267],"scale":[269],"that":[270],"would":[271],"otherwise":[272],"not":[273],"possible.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}