{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2929849795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","title":"Complexities, variations, and errors of numbering within clinical notes: the potential impact on information extraction and cohort-identification","display_name":"Complexities, variations, and errors of numbering within clinical notes: the potential impact on information extraction and cohort-identification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2929849795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","mag":"2929849795","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30944012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032246831","display_name":"David A. Hanauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6931-3791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David A. Hanauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. hanauer@umich.edu","School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. hanauer@umich.edu","Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. hanauer@umich.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. hanauer@umich.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048955398","display_name":"Qiaozhu Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-1942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaozhu Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050525772","display_name":"V. G. Vinod Vydiswaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-1936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. G. Vinod Vydiswaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA","School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005447484","display_name":"Karandeep Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8980-2330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karandeep Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075232697","display_name":"Zach Landis\u2010Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9117-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zach Landis-Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009604048","display_name":"Chunhua Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-0214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhua Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032246831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":2.6258,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9129986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"S3","first_page":"75","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.20489999651908875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.20489999651908875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.15449999272823334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.09629999846220016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numbering","display_name":"Numbering","score":0.7144784927368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6812800168991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6023085117340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.5835558772087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.5572068095207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5550645589828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.5020465850830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.501429557800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4381049573421478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4280944764614105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37958183884620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35633575916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.20064684748649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17392167448997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1704857349395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.14455333352088928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191916993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362019","display_name":"Numbering","level":2,"score":0.7144784927368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6812800168991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6023085117340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5835558772087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.5572068095207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5550645589828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.5020465850830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.501429557800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4381049573421478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4280944764614105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37958183884620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35633575916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.20064684748649597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17392167448997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1704857349395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.14455333352088928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016247","descriptor_name":"Information Storage and Retrieval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059019","descriptor_name":"Clinical Coding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059019","descriptor_name":"Clinical Coding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059019","descriptor_name":"Clinical Coding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30944012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30944012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:473dfbeddfd3427fae71e72dcb624e92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/473dfbeddfd3427fae71e72dcb624e92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 19, Iss S3, Pp 59-69 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5446891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6448181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/afs0-9d44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/afs0-9d44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-019-0784-1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309652","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2929849795.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2929849795.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125920496","https://openalex.org/W128190844","https://openalex.org/W1537431711","https://openalex.org/W1672757658","https://openalex.org/W1808652302","https://openalex.org/W1835259194","https://openalex.org/W1893015934","https://openalex.org/W1930458234","https://openalex.org/W1972978393","https://openalex.org/W1984291951","https://openalex.org/W2010483343","https://openalex.org/W2018025378","https://openalex.org/W2051206026","https://openalex.org/W2095896451","https://openalex.org/W2121382432","https://openalex.org/W2130309899","https://openalex.org/W2132266583","https://openalex.org/W2134137358","https://openalex.org/W2135423259","https://openalex.org/W2143026702","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2151068025","https://openalex.org/W2159426036","https://openalex.org/W2160241709","https://openalex.org/W2160913515","https://openalex.org/W2167031344","https://openalex.org/W2169818249","https://openalex.org/W2172143550","https://openalex.org/W2251937554","https://openalex.org/W2261080361","https://openalex.org/W2265839064","https://openalex.org/W2285122704","https://openalex.org/W2294660940","https://openalex.org/W2411363913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380905223","https://openalex.org/W2316187651","https://openalex.org/W2005053760","https://openalex.org/W74604206","https://openalex.org/W1485272726","https://openalex.org/W2339556925","https://openalex.org/W4319083705","https://openalex.org/W2372287279","https://openalex.org/W2329000834","https://openalex.org/W2165504147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Numbers":[1],"and":[2,26,48,76,90,156,174],"numerical":[3,24,49,77],"concepts":[4,50,111],"appear":[5],"frequently":[6],"in":[7,45,53,108,114,165],"free":[8],"text":[9],"clinical":[10,54,151],"notes":[11,66,152],"from":[12],"electronic":[13],"health":[14],"records.":[15],"Knowledge":[16],"of":[17,22,42,62,71,74,82,98,145],"the":[18,43,69,80,115],"frequent":[19],"lexical":[20,99],"variations":[21,129,160],"these":[23,110,128,159],"concepts,":[25,78],"their":[27],"accurate":[28],"identification,":[29],"is":[30],"important":[31],"for":[32,135,170],"many":[33],"information":[34,169,175],"extraction":[35],"tasks.":[36,177],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"describes":[39],"an":[40,59],"analysis":[41],"variation":[44,107],"how":[46,109],"numbers":[47,75,85],"are":[51],"represented":[52,113],"notes.":[55],"METHODS:":[56],"We":[57,104,122],"used":[58],"inverted":[60],"index":[61],"approximately":[63],"100":[64],"million":[65],"to":[67],"obtain":[68],"frequency":[70],"various":[72],"permutations":[73],"including":[79,117],"use":[81],"Roman":[83],"numerals,":[84],"spelled":[86],"as":[87],"English":[88],"words,":[89],"invalid":[91],"dates,":[92],"among":[93],"others.":[94],"Overall,":[95],"twelve":[96],"types":[97],"variants":[100],"were":[101,112],"analyzed.":[102],"RESULTS:":[103],"found":[105],"substantial":[106,132],"notes,":[116],"multiple":[118],"data":[119],"quality":[120],"issues.":[121],"also":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"that":[125],"not":[126,157],"considering":[127],"could":[130,163],"have":[131],"real-world":[133],"implications":[134],"cohort":[136],"identification":[137],"tasks,":[138],"with":[139],"one":[140],"case":[141],"missing":[142,166],">":[143],"80%":[144],"potential":[146],"patients.":[147],"CONCLUSIONS:":[148],"Numbering":[149],"within":[150],"can":[153],"be":[154],"variable,":[155],"taking":[158],"into":[161],"account":[162],"result":[164],"or":[167],"inaccurate":[168],"natural":[171],"language":[172],"processing":[173],"retrieval":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
