{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2902726914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","title":"Combination of conditional random field with a rule based method in the extraction of PICO elements","display_name":"Combination of conditional random field with a rule based method in the extraction of PICO elements","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2902726914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","mag":"2902726914","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30509272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091618150","display_name":"Samir Chabou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33217400","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais","ror":"https://ror.org/011pqxa69","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33217400","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samir Chabou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8Y 3G5, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8Y 3G5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33217400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050619834","display_name":"Michal Iglewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-660X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33217400","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais","ror":"https://ror.org/011pqxa69","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33217400","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michal Iglewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8Y 3G5, Canada. iglewski@uqo.ca","Computer Science and Engineering Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8Y 3G5, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-660X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8Y 3G5, Canada. iglewski@uqo.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33217400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8Y 3G5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33217400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091618150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33217400"],"apc_list":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"apc_paid":{"value":1570,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1925},"fwci":0.6493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69181583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"128","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.36090001463890076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.36090001463890076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.3508000075817108,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10737","display_name":"Health Literacy and Information Accessibility","score":0.038100000470876694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7091286778450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.6026006937026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.5820387005805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.5524519681930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/element","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","score":0.4971309006214142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4942739009857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.48520925641059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44002673029899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42077693343162537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.41768479347229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.19488981366157532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7091286778450012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.6026006937026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.5820387005805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.5524519681930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.4971309006214142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4942739009857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.48520925641059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44002673029899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42077693343162537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.41768479347229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.19488981366157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30509272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30509272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical informatics and decision making","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7fd78d984ef47a28ae12fa5a816681b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7fd78d984ef47a28ae12fa5a816681b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5254517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6278016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6278016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6278016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-018-0699-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107516304","display_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","issn_l":"1472-6947","issn":["1472-6947"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49437421","https://openalex.org/W150455679","https://openalex.org/W1151501238","https://openalex.org/W1515842608","https://openalex.org/W1574574070","https://openalex.org/W1818810666","https://openalex.org/W1914973955","https://openalex.org/W1954715867","https://openalex.org/W1972244026","https://openalex.org/W2009867657","https://openalex.org/W2019022980","https://openalex.org/W2020959315","https://openalex.org/W2029757447","https://openalex.org/W2031835688","https://openalex.org/W2035682999","https://openalex.org/W2067284187","https://openalex.org/W2072419837","https://openalex.org/W2072590964","https://openalex.org/W2091812440","https://openalex.org/W2106952837","https://openalex.org/W2107598941","https://openalex.org/W2110694016","https://openalex.org/W2123399010","https://openalex.org/W2129999749","https://openalex.org/W2134568263","https://openalex.org/W2147994374","https://openalex.org/W2183145995","https://openalex.org/W2402929825","https://openalex.org/W2417701117","https://openalex.org/W2484269232","https://openalex.org/W3036588604","https://openalex.org/W4206192903","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W7028469425"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492005981","https://openalex.org/W3015234152","https://openalex.org/W1982302668","https://openalex.org/W2004087619","https://openalex.org/W2557094866","https://openalex.org/W2469016277","https://openalex.org/W2757101400","https://openalex.org/W2362196274","https://openalex.org/W1990527953","https://openalex.org/W2240384024"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Extracting":[1],"primary":[2],"care":[3],"information":[4,24],"in":[5,80,121],"terms":[6],"of":[7,22,40,99,107,138,146,165,181,195,244],"Patient/Problem,":[8],"Intervention,":[9],"Comparison":[10],"and":[11,26,53,156,172,179,240],"Outcome,":[12],"known":[13],"as":[14,19],"PICO":[15,56,62,78,91,109,126,197],"elements,":[16],"is":[17,30,68,204,226],"difficult":[18],"the":[20,27,41,55,61,71,74,90,97,100,105,108,115,119,125,153,159,163,166,184,196,202,224,233,237,242,245],"volume":[21],"medical":[23,81],"expands":[25],"health":[28],"semantics":[29],"complex":[31],"to":[32,69,76,83,123,210,235],"capture":[33],"it":[34],"from":[35],"unstructured":[36],"information.":[37],"The":[38,66,207,229],"combination":[39,243],"machine":[42],"learning":[43],"methods":[44,49,247],"(MLMs)":[45],"with":[46,73,89,118,188],"rule":[47],"based":[48],"(RBMs)":[50],"could":[51],"facilitate":[52,84],"improve":[54,124],"extraction.":[57,111],"This":[58],"paper":[59],"studies":[60],"elements":[63,79,110,127,174],"extraction":[64,199],"methods.":[65],"goal":[67],"combine":[70,114],"MLMs":[72,208,234],"RBMs":[75,120,230],"extract":[77],"papers":[82],"answering":[85],"clinical":[86],"questions":[87],"formulated":[88],"framework.":[92],"METHODS:":[93],"First,":[94],"we":[95,113,134],"analyze":[96],"aspects":[98],"MLM":[101,116],"model":[102],"that":[103,201],"influence":[104],"quality":[106],"Secondly,":[112],"approach":[117],"order":[122],"retrieval":[128],"process.":[129],"To":[130],"conduct":[131],"our":[132],"experiments,":[133],"use":[135],"a":[136,219],"corpus":[137,169,225],"1000":[139],"abstracts.":[140],"RESULTS:":[141],"We":[142],"obtain":[143],"an":[144,212],"F-score":[145],"80%":[147],"for":[148,152,158],"P":[149,171],"element,":[150],"64%":[151],"I":[154,173],"element":[155,198],"92%":[157],"O":[160],"element.":[161],"Given":[162],"nature":[164],"used":[167],"training":[168],"where":[170],"represent":[175],"respectively":[176],"only":[177],"6.5":[178],"5.8%":[180],"total":[182],"sentences,":[183],"results":[185],"are":[186],"competitive":[187],"previously":[189],"published":[190],"ones.":[191],"CONCLUSIONS:":[192],"Our":[193],"study":[194],"shows":[200],"task":[203],"very":[205],"challenging.":[206],"tend":[209],"have":[211,218],"acceptable":[213],"precision":[214],"rate":[215,222,239],"but":[216],"they":[217],"low":[220],"recall":[221,238],"when":[223],"not":[227],"representative.":[228],"backed":[231],"up":[232],"increase":[236],"consequently":[241],"two":[246],"gave":[248],"better":[249],"results.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
