{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155610544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","title":"Fine-tuned lightweight language models for structured extraction of liver cancer imaging free-text report: a comparative analysis with existing large language models","display_name":"Fine-tuned lightweight language models for structured extraction of liver cancer imaging free-text report: a comparative analysis with existing large language models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155610544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42035041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107334734","display_name":"Yang-Di Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang-Di Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101922475","display_name":"Yong Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-8337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Hub, Robotics and Autonomous Systems Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Hub, Robotics and Autonomous Systems Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114220148","display_name":"Shi-Le Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi-Le Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008020180","display_name":"Lujun Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7936-0206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu-Jun Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113914320","display_name":"Xuxiazi Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuxiazi Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Breast Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Breast Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134606177","display_name":"Hong-Liang Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128921","display_name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/037p24858","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Liang Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128921","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129738399","display_name":"H R Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua-Lin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111313605","display_name":"Tong-Tong Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong-Tong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100302142","display_name":"Jia-Yun Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia-Yun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112521286","display_name":"R. Q. Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong-Yu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103829280","display_name":"Chao\u2010Feng Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Feng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108655557","display_name":"Jin-Hua Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Hua Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134604818","display_name":"Jing Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125687624","display_name":"Y Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146711","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0400g8r85","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Quan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China. jiangyq@sysucc.org.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China. jiangyq@sysucc.org.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134600553","display_name":"Ge Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. gary-ge.ren@polyu.edu.hk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. gary-ge.ren@polyu.edu.hk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125687624"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210146711"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83167193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.26249998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.26249998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.1363999992609024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.09189999848604202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-cancer","display_name":"Liver cancer","score":0.6220999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.3174999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776231280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623031","display_name":"Liver cancer","level":3,"score":0.6220999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776964913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671502","display_name":"Liver tumor","level":3,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983447341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413083","display_name":"Model parameter","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019007443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3d model","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42035041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42035041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45513beb3ebd46768f27bf28e884a7d6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45513beb3ebd46768f27bf28e884a7d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13130798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13130798/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02351-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4398259222507477,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5755932449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025A1515012926","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Organizing":[0],"free-text":[1],"patient":[2],"data":[3,90,278],"into":[4,98,279],"a":[5,20,85,105],"structured":[6,280],"format":[7],"is":[8],"labor-intensive":[9],"and":[10,52,71,79,82,101,128,139,155,164,170,194,216,223,255],"time-consuming.":[11],"This":[12,267],"study":[13],"aims":[14],"to":[15,88,264],"evaluate":[16],"the":[17,67,199,204],"effectiveness":[18],"of":[19,34,48,61,66,107,162,181,207,220,229],"fine-tuned":[21,119,144,248],"lightweight":[22,111,249],"language":[23,250],"model":[24,112,146,251],"in":[25,150,234,257,272],"structuring":[26,258],"liver":[27,36,50,54,259],"cancer":[28,51,260],"imaging":[29,37,261],"reports.":[30],"A":[31,109,226],"retrospective":[32],"dataset":[33,94],"2,780":[35],"reports":[38,262],"from":[39],"Sun":[40],"Yat-sen":[41],"University":[42],"Cancer":[43],"Center":[44],"(2012\u20132022),":[45],"including":[46],"cases":[47],"primary":[49],"benign":[53],"disease,":[55],"was":[56,95,118,124,141,232],"collected.":[57],"Three":[58],"key":[59,156],"entries\u2014Number":[60],"Malignant":[62],"Tumors":[63],"(NMT),":[64],"Diameter":[65],"Largest":[68],"Tumor":[69],"(DLT),":[70],"Vascular":[72],"Invasion":[73],"(VI)\u2014were":[74],"annotated":[75,93],"by":[76,84,275],"three":[77],"radiologists":[78],"subsequently":[80],"reviewed":[81],"calibrated":[83],"senior":[86],"oncologist":[87],"ensure":[89],"reliability.":[91],"The":[92,143,247],"randomly":[96],"split":[97],"training,":[99],"validation,":[100],"test":[102],"sets":[103],"at":[104],"ratio":[106],"7:1:2.":[108],"T5-based":[110],"with":[113,133,213],"250":[114],"M":[115],"parameters":[116],"(Liver-T5)":[117],"using":[120,126],"these":[121],"data.":[122],"Performance":[123],"evaluated":[125],"Accuracy":[127],"Macro-F1":[129],"metrics.":[130],"Comparative":[131],"analysis":[132],"LLMs":[134,149],"such":[135,186],"as":[136,187],"ChatGLM4,":[137],"Qianwen2.0,":[138],"Llama3.1":[140],"conducted.":[142],"Liver-T5":[145,177,202,241],"outperformed":[147],"larger":[148,265],"Exact":[151],"Match":[152],"(EM)":[153],"rate":[154],"evaluation":[157],"metrics,":[158],"achieving":[159,218],"an":[160,179],"EM":[161],"0.8907":[163],"high":[165],"accuracy":[166,180,206,254],"for":[167,174],"NMT":[168,175],"(0.9355)":[169],"VI":[171,200],"(0.9910).":[172],"Specifically,":[173],"extraction,":[176,201],"achieved":[178,203],"0.9355,":[182],"outperforming":[183],"large":[184,235],"models":[185,237],"Qianwen72B":[188],"(accuracy":[189,192,196],"0.9140),":[190],"LLaMA3":[191],"0.8961),":[193],"ChatGLM4":[195,217],"0.8226).":[197],"In":[198],"highest":[205],"0.9910,":[208],"significantly":[209],"surpassing":[210],"other":[211],"models,":[212],"Qianwen72B,":[214],"LLaMA3,":[215],"accuracies":[219],"0.9606,":[221],"0.9462,":[222],"0.7581,":[224],"respectively.":[225],"higher":[227],"proportion":[228],"schema-nonconforming":[230],"outputs":[231],"observed":[233],"general-purpose":[236],"(e.g.,":[238],"LLaMA3),":[239],"while":[240],"more":[242],"consistently":[243],"generated":[244],"schema-compliant":[245],"predictions.":[246],"demonstrates":[252],"superior":[253],"efficiency":[256],"compared":[263],"LLMs.":[266],"capability":[268],"addresses":[269],"critical":[270],"challenges":[271],"clinical":[273],"workflows":[274],"converting":[276],"unstructured":[277],"formats.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T06:06:40.768181","created_date":"2026-04-26T00:00:00"}
