{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155199273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","title":"Geometric feature analysis for identifying and characterizing normal variations on chest radiographs","display_name":"Geometric feature analysis for identifying and characterizing normal variations on chest radiographs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155199273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42021183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112459325","display_name":"Shinichi Fujimoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107924","display_name":"University of Fukui Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmg3290","country_code":"JP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinichi Fujimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiological Center, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiological Center, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134286304","display_name":"Takeshi Hara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeshi Hara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, 501-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, 501-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101699303","display_name":"Masato Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6685-7451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111966504","display_name":"University of Fukui","ror":"https://ror.org/00msqp585","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masato Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Education Support Center, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Education Support Center, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002991432","display_name":"Hideki Uesaka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111966504","display_name":"University of Fukui","ror":"https://ror.org/00msqp585","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hideki Uesaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Education Support Center, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Education Support Center, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003073212","display_name":"Harumi Itoh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111966504","display_name":"University of Fukui","ror":"https://ror.org/00msqp585","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harumi Itoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, 501-1193, Japan","Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, 501-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043146010","display_name":"Toyohiko Sakai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111966504","display_name":"University of Fukui","ror":"https://ror.org/00msqp585","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toyohiko Sakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134251439","display_name":"Toshiki Tateishi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107924","display_name":"University of Fukui Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmg3290","country_code":"JP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiki Tateishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiological Center, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiological Center, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134269897","display_name":"Tetsuya Tsujikawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111966504","display_name":"University of Fukui","ror":"https://ror.org/00msqp585","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuya Tsujikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan. awaji@u-fukui.ac.jp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, 910-1193, Japan. awaji@u-fukui.ac.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134269897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55246876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.14499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.14499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.0794999971985817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diaphragm","display_name":"Diaphragm (acoustics)","score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diaphragmatic-breathing","display_name":"Diaphragmatic breathing","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164292776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5271779","display_name":"Diaphragm (acoustics)","level":3,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20463939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811123","display_name":"Diaphragmatic breathing","level":3,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777943237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119430","display_name":"Diaphragmatic hernia","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2921999990940094}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42021183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42021183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d47b382a9c5a4d11b8d6a233d7b8a9d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d47b382a9c5a4d11b8d6a233d7b8a9d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13235210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13235210/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02344-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W813151726","https://openalex.org/W1960041464","https://openalex.org/W1965346834","https://openalex.org/W1969673913","https://openalex.org/W2005112975","https://openalex.org/W2039367092","https://openalex.org/W2061738757","https://openalex.org/W2107186663","https://openalex.org/W2123150659","https://openalex.org/W2143023160","https://openalex.org/W2158977434","https://openalex.org/W2161519061","https://openalex.org/W2163133933","https://openalex.org/W2263742604","https://openalex.org/W2591226021","https://openalex.org/W2756313633","https://openalex.org/W3048802680","https://openalex.org/W3090633010","https://openalex.org/W3211426610","https://openalex.org/W4284683924","https://openalex.org/W4400807554"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"develop":[2],"and":[3,23,72,113,150,171,188,204,223,228,243],"evaluate":[4],"a":[5,189,206,233],"quantitative":[6,198],"method":[7,201],"using":[8,109],"geometric":[9,199],"features":[10,84],"of":[11,47,66,126,209],"anatomical":[12,50,135,221],"shadows":[13],"on":[14,212],"chest":[15],"X-rays":[16],"(CXRs)":[17],"to":[18,24,162,219],"identify":[19],"normal":[20,38,103,191,210],"variant":[21],"cases":[22,123],"elucidate":[25],"the":[26,89,183],"factors":[27,106,225],"characterizing":[28],"these":[29],"variations.":[30,173],"MATERIALS":[31],"AND":[32],"METHODS:":[33],"This":[34,197,230],"study":[35],"included":[36,176],"548":[37],"CXRs":[39],"confirmed":[40],"by":[41],"CT":[42,111],"within":[43],"one":[44],"month.":[45],"Shadows":[46],"six":[48],"key":[49],"structures":[51,136,222],"(trachea,":[52],"aorta,":[53],"right":[54,178],"atrium,":[55],"left":[56],"ventricle,":[57],"right/left":[58],"diaphragm":[59],"domes)":[60],"were":[61,100,107,119],"manually":[62],"labeled.":[63],"Geometric":[64],"features\u2014center":[65],"gravity":[67],"(x,":[68,85],"y),":[69],"length":[70],"(l),":[71],"count":[73,96],"(c)\u2014were":[74],"calculated":[75],"for":[76,235],"each":[77],"label":[78,95],"after":[79],"image":[80],"standardization.":[81],"Cases":[82],"with":[83,94,133,153,169],"y,":[86],"l)":[87],"in":[88,121],"upper/lower":[90],"2.5%":[91],"distribution":[92],"or":[93],"(c)":[97],"\u2265":[98],"2":[99],"defined":[101],"as":[102],"variants.":[104],"Associated":[105],"investigated":[108],"corresponding":[110],"images":[112],"patient":[114,224],"age/BMI.":[115],"RESULTS:":[116],"Normal":[117],"variants":[118],"identified":[120],"291/548":[122],"(53.1%).":[124],"Analysis":[125],"532":[127],"outlier":[128],"feature":[129,200,217],"instances":[130],"showed":[131],"associations":[132],"adjacent":[134],"(41.0%,":[137],"e.g.,":[138],"vertebrae,":[139],"pulmonary":[140,186],"veins,":[141],"accessory":[142],"fissures),":[143],"spinal":[144],"curvature/vertebral":[145],"levels":[146],"(14.2%,":[147],"trachea":[148],"only),":[149],"significant":[151],"correlations":[152],"age":[154,227],"and/or":[155],"BMI":[156,166],"(44.8%).":[157],"Age":[158],"was":[159],"primarily":[160],"linked":[161,216],"aortic":[163],"variations,":[164],"while":[165],"correlated":[167],"more":[168],"cardiac":[170],"diaphragmatic":[172],"Notable":[174],"findings":[175],"partial":[177],"atrial":[179],"shadow":[180],"disappearance":[181],"near":[182],"middle":[184],"lobe":[185],"vein":[187],"wide":[190,207],"superior":[192],"tracheal":[193],"range":[194,208],"(C6-Th2).":[195],"CONCLUSION:":[196],"successfully":[202],"identifies":[203],"characterizes":[205],"variations":[211],"CXRs.":[213],"It":[214],"effectively":[215],"outliers":[218],"specific":[220],"like":[226],"BMI.":[229],"approach":[231],"provides":[232],"foundation":[234],"automated":[236],"large-scale":[237],"analysis,":[238],"potentially":[239],"enhancing":[240],"radiological":[241],"training":[242],"diagnostic":[244],"accuracy.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2026-04-23T00:00:00"}
