{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7150933760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","title":"Investigation of multimodal deep learning models for predicting ovarian tumor malignancy based on ultrasound images and clinical information \u2013 a comprehensive comparative study against readers and O-RADS","display_name":"Investigation of multimodal deep learning models for predicting ovarian tumor malignancy based on ultrasound images and clinical information \u2013 a comprehensive comparative study against readers and O-RADS","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7150933760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41942868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005882642","display_name":"Lei Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148790","display_name":"Hangzhou First People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwsw714","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148790"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Management, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Management, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133050098","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098734","display_name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0144s0951","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123679","display_name":"Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/023v1tr45","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123679"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China","Research Center of Interventional Medicine and Engineering, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, China","Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Innovative Technology and Equipment in Interventional Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Interventional Medicine and Engineering, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Innovative Technology and Equipment in Interventional Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133047577","display_name":"Yahan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098734","display_name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0144s0951","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123679","display_name":"Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/023v1tr45","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123679"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China","Research Center of Interventional Medicine and Engineering, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, China","Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Innovative Technology and Equipment in Interventional Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Interventional Medicine and Engineering, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Innovative Technology and Equipment in Interventional Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133030294","display_name":"Vicky Yang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vicky Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wenling Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taizhou, 317502, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenling Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taizhou, 317502, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengjiao Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjiao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, 310022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133011355","display_name":"Zhiyan Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098734","display_name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0144s0951","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyan Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133008782","display_name":"Yan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, 310022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133062620","display_name":"Chenxia Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148790","display_name":"Hangzhou First People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwsw714","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148790"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxia Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Management, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Management, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133062954","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160695","display_name":"Shaoxing People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05v58y004","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160695"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, 312000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, 312000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160695"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133063873","display_name":"Qi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165441","display_name":"Hangzhou Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/05gpas306","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165441"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Xianju People's Hospital, Zhejiang Southeast Campus of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Xianju's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Xianju, 317300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Xianju People's Hospital, Zhejiang Southeast Campus of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Xianju's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Xianju, 317300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133033504","display_name":"Dong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098734","display_name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0144s0951","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123679","display_name":"Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/023v1tr45","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123679"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn","Research Center of Interventional Medicine and Engineering, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn","Wenling Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taizhou, 317502, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn","Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Innovative Technology and Equipment in Interventional Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging & Interventional Therapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Interventional Medicine and Engineering, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenling Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taizhou, 317502, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Innovative Technology and Equipment in Interventional Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China. xudong@zjcc.org.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133033504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098734","https://openalex.org/I4210123679","https://openalex.org/I4210164862"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4583642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10550","display_name":"Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment","score":0.6589000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10550","display_name":"Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment","score":0.6589000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.14489999413490295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.05270000174641609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6402999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ovarian-tumor","display_name":"Ovarian tumor","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malignancy","display_name":"Malignancy","score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ovarian-cancer","display_name":"Ovarian cancer","score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.3625999987125397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7117000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6402999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6014000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11793790","display_name":"Ovarian tumor","level":4,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779399171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483951","display_name":"Malignancy","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780427987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172341","display_name":"Ovarian cancer","level":3,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4441509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6418787","display_name":"Multimodal therapy","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63363279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133848","display_name":"Clinical significance","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988078883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109374671","display_name":"Doppler ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010051","descriptor_name":"Ovarian Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064847","descriptor_name":"Multimodal Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064847","descriptor_name":"Multimodal Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41942868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41942868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:369dae3b6865452893fd92bc851f1730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/369dae3b6865452893fd92bc851f1730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13188482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13188482/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02312-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8085695505142212,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086757750","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2281254500","https://openalex.org/W2529607059","https://openalex.org/W2563016700","https://openalex.org/W2594404528","https://openalex.org/W2752517284","https://openalex.org/W2898197178","https://openalex.org/W2903906331","https://openalex.org/W2911925130","https://openalex.org/W2945472816","https://openalex.org/W2989369163","https://openalex.org/W3001891735","https://openalex.org/W3006088723","https://openalex.org/W3031119901","https://openalex.org/W3096898300","https://openalex.org/W3154203438","https://openalex.org/W3160994088","https://openalex.org/W3172004825","https://openalex.org/W3172656770","https://openalex.org/W3175373819","https://openalex.org/W3176301560","https://openalex.org/W4200293754","https://openalex.org/W4206742016","https://openalex.org/W4213031487","https://openalex.org/W4223544627","https://openalex.org/W4285394562","https://openalex.org/W4292324122","https://openalex.org/W4292809822","https://openalex.org/W4309517808","https://openalex.org/W4317939748","https://openalex.org/W4377094768"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,21,27,39,96,114,162,165,173,177,211,214,230,321],"second":[2],"deadly":[3],"cancer":[4],"affecting":[5],"women":[6,80],"globally,":[7],"precise":[8],"and":[9,25,48,56,70,88,110,121,138,155,184,206,225,241,254,307,316,327],"timely":[10],"classification":[11],"of":[12,23,29,41,189,220,223,227,236,239,243,249,267,270,312,324],"ovarian":[13,50,83,193,318],"tumors":[14,84,194],"plays":[15],"an":[16,218,234,265,291],"instrumental":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,59,176],"improving":[20],"rate":[22,28],"curing":[24],"reducing":[26],"mortality.":[30],"This":[31,75],"study":[32,78],"was":[33,101,161,261],"set":[34],"out":[35],"to":[36,61,263,295],"comprehensively":[37],"investigate":[38],"effectiveness":[40],"deep":[42,300],"learning":[43,301],"model":[44,216,232,276,302],"for":[45],"classifying":[46],"benign":[47,205,315],"malignant":[49,208,317],"tumors,":[51,319],"utilizing":[52],"multimodal":[53,128,304],"ultrasound":[54,131,305],"images":[55,306],"clinical":[57,143,292,308],"data,":[58],"comparison":[60],"traditional":[62],"methods":[63],"such":[64],"as":[65,95,281,290],"manual":[66],"assessment":[67],"by":[68],"radiologists":[69,246,326],"those":[71],"based":[72],"on":[73],"O-RADS.":[74],"retrospective":[76],"multicenter":[77],"recruited":[79],"diagnosed":[81],"with":[82,91,142,192],"between":[85,314],"January":[86],"2022":[87],"June":[89],"2023,":[90],"histopathological":[92],"examination":[93],"results":[94],"reference":[97],"diagnoses.":[98],"The":[99,158,299],"dataset":[100,179],"divided":[102],"into":[103],"three":[104],"subsets:":[105],"training":[106],"(70%),":[107],"validation":[108],"(10%),":[109],"test":[111,178,212],"(20%).":[112],"Employing":[113],"Dense":[115],"Convolutional":[116],"Network":[117],"algorithm,":[118],"we":[119],"constructed":[120],"investigated":[122],"two":[123],"fusion":[124],"models:":[125],"DLM2F,":[126],"integrating":[127,140,303],"features":[129],"extracted":[130],"(grayscale":[132],"ultrasound,":[133],"color":[134],"Doppler":[135],"flow":[136],"imaging),":[137],"DLM3F,":[139],"DLM2F":[141,215],"data":[144],"(e.g.":[145],"age,":[146],"CA125,":[147],"CA199,":[148],"HE4,":[149],"SCC,":[150],"ROMA":[151],"index,":[152],"menopausal":[153],"state,":[154],"mass":[156],"volume).":[157],"outcome":[159],"measure":[160],"area":[163],"under":[164],"receiver":[166],"operating":[167],"characteristic":[168],"curve":[169],"(AUC).":[170],"We":[171],"compared":[172],"models\u2019":[174],"performance":[175],"against":[180],"both":[181,325],"radiologists,":[182],"O-RADS":[183,260,328],"single-mode":[185],"models.":[186],"A":[187],"total":[188],"508":[190],"patients":[191],"(mean":[195],"age:":[196],"44.3":[197],"\u00b1":[198],"15.9":[199],"years)":[200],"were":[201],"enrolled,":[202],"including":[203],"327":[204],"181":[207],"tumors.":[209],"In":[210],"set,":[213],"demonstrated":[217],"AUC":[219,235,248,266],"0.919,":[221],"sensitivity":[222,238],"0.865":[224,240],"specificity":[226,242],"0.879,":[228],"while":[229,259],"DLM3F":[231,275],"showed":[233],"0.951,":[237],"0.939.":[244],"Comparatively,":[245],"scored":[247],"896":[250],"(Expert":[251,256],"level":[252,257,283],"III)":[253],"0.827":[255],"I),":[258],"able":[262],"achieve":[264],"0.835.":[268],"Evaluation":[269],"confusion":[271],"matrices":[272],"revealed":[273],"that":[274],"exhibited":[277],"almost":[278],"identical":[279],"accuracy":[280],"a":[282],"III":[284],"expert,":[285],"demonstrating":[286],"its":[287],"promising":[288],"potential":[289],"diagnostic":[293,322],"tool":[294],"assist":[296],"junior":[297],"radiologists.":[298],"information":[309],"is":[310],"capable":[311],"discriminating":[313],"exceeding":[320],"capabilities":[323],"assessments.":[329]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2026-04-07T00:00:00"}