{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416679520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","title":"Machine learning model incorporating spectral CT quantitative parameters and clinical characteristics for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules","display_name":"Machine learning model incorporating spectral CT quantitative parameters and clinical characteristics for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416679520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41286692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111205470","display_name":"Jie Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456041","display_name":"Dan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-4837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191996457","display_name":"Dalian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04c8eg608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191996457"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097509","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00r67fz39","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097509"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191996457","https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210097509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068453988","display_name":"Zuhua Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuhua Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374335","display_name":"Yu\u2010Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-2180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019324040","display_name":"Qian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8398-1021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103080115","display_name":"Jiayi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8107-8376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765872","display_name":"Xin Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-606X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109675445","display_name":"Kai Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101732703","display_name":"Liang Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3499-5218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039703452","display_name":"Zou Ya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-015X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102350961","display_name":"Zhuoyue Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161892","display_name":"First People's Hospital of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/011m1x742","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoyue Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. zhuoyue_tang@cqu.edu.cn","Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China. zhuoyue_tang@cqu.edu.cn","Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. zhuoyue_tang@cqu.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China. zhuoyue_tang@cqu.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111205470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170","https://openalex.org/I4210161892","https://openalex.org/I87780372"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36654759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"523","last_page":"523"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.6043999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-nodules","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nodule","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benignity","display_name":"Benignity","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3431999981403351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6462000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.6043999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779022025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53829","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","level":3,"score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776316164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483951","display_name":"Benignity","level":3,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779761222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826522","display_name":"Thyroid cancer","level":3,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55078378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136628","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779549770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122413","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41286692","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41286692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6fe398f52ef43df8ba82998ae88d148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6fe398f52ef43df8ba82998ae88d148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12751241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12751241/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-02083-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1926920987","https://openalex.org/W1996920950","https://openalex.org/W1997305121","https://openalex.org/W2077878895","https://openalex.org/W2078672419","https://openalex.org/W2093734950","https://openalex.org/W2099279076","https://openalex.org/W2101514909","https://openalex.org/W2128994349","https://openalex.org/W2132461709","https://openalex.org/W2145150141","https://openalex.org/W2167466554","https://openalex.org/W2280352591","https://openalex.org/W2294839422","https://openalex.org/W2513494784","https://openalex.org/W2763781088","https://openalex.org/W2805727791","https://openalex.org/W2886522935","https://openalex.org/W2949785293","https://openalex.org/W3007888529","https://openalex.org/W3028855953","https://openalex.org/W3135643473","https://openalex.org/W3196643809","https://openalex.org/W4220728663","https://openalex.org/W4292491502","https://openalex.org/W4318068394","https://openalex.org/W4362689974","https://openalex.org/W4385898874","https://openalex.org/W4387578654","https://openalex.org/W4396544699","https://openalex.org/W4399395322","https://openalex.org/W4410166082"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,275],"aims":[2],"to":[3,162],"explore":[4],"the":[5,16,100,131,142,149,192,195,198,223,243,279,291],"clinical":[6,35,41,178,271],"value":[7],"of":[8,21,43,136,172,197,284],"multiple":[9,260],"machine":[10],"learning":[11],"(ML)":[12],"methods":[13],"in":[14,99,273],"predicting":[15,130],"benign":[17,132,280],"or":[18,133,281],"malignant":[19,134,282],"nature":[20,135,283],"thyroid":[22,45,137,285],"nodules":[23],"based":[24,221,264],"on":[25,222,265],"preoperative":[26],"dual-layer":[27],"spectral":[28,84],"computed":[29],"tomography":[30],"(DLCT)":[31],"quantitative":[32,69,175,268],"parameters":[33,70,176,269],"and":[34,40,62,96,104,107,115,177,189,217,236,254,270],"characteristics.":[36],"The":[37,51,139,239,259],"DLCT":[38,68,174],"images":[39],"data":[42],"432":[44],"nodule":[46],"patients":[47,52],"were":[48,53,119,127,160,227],"retrospectively":[49],"analyzed.":[50],"randomly":[54],"divided":[55],"into":[56],"a":[57],"training":[58],"(n":[59,65],"=":[60,66],"302)":[61],"validation":[63,193],"sets":[64],"130).":[67],"included":[71],"conventional":[72],"CT":[73,76,79,82,185,257,267],"value,":[74,77,80,83,186],"40-keV":[75],"70-keV":[78],"100-keV":[81],"curve":[85,143],"slope,":[86],"iodine":[87],"concentration":[88],"(IC),":[89],"normalized":[90,97],"IC,":[91],"effective":[92],"atomic":[93],"number":[94],"(Zeff),":[95],"Zeff":[98],"arterial":[101,108],"phase":[102],"(AP)":[103],"venous":[105],"phase,":[106],"enhancement":[109],"fraction":[110],"(AEF).":[111],"Pearson":[112],"correlation":[113],"analysis":[114],"feature":[116],"importance":[117],"ranking":[118],"employed":[120],"for":[121,129],"dimensionality":[122],"reduction.":[123],"Nine":[124],"ML":[125,261],"algorithms":[126],"evaluated":[128],"nodules.":[138],"area":[140],"under":[141],"(AUC)":[144],"was":[145],"obtained":[146],"by":[147,248],"plotting":[148],"receiver":[150],"operating":[151],"characteristic":[152],"curve.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"SHapley":[155],"Additive":[156],"exPlanations":[157],"(SHAP)":[158],"values":[159],"used":[161],"interpret":[163],"variable":[164],"contributions.":[165],"Six":[166],"variables":[167,226,246],"remained":[168],"after":[169],"dimension":[170],"reduction":[171],"all":[173],"characteristics,":[179],"namely":[180],"AEF,":[181,252],"age,":[182,253],"AP-40":[183,255],"keV":[184,256],"FT4,":[187],"TgAb,":[188],"TPOAb.":[190],"In":[191],"set,":[194],"AUCs":[196],"Extreme":[199],"Gradient":[200,209],"Boosting,":[201,207],"Logistic":[202],"Regression,":[203],"Random":[204],"Forest,":[205],"Adaptive":[206],"Light":[208],"Boosting":[210],"Machine,":[211],"Multilayer":[212],"Perceptron":[213],"Classifier,":[214],"HistGradientBoostingClassifier,":[215],"BaggingClassifier,":[216],"StackingClassifier":[218],"models":[219,262],"constructed":[220,263],"six":[224],"reduced-dimension":[225],"0.79,":[228,237],"0.78,":[229,230,234],"0.82,":[231],"0.81,":[232],"0.76,":[233,235],"respectively.":[238],"SHAP":[240],"method":[241],"showed":[242],"top":[244],"three":[245],"ranked":[247],"contribution":[249],"degree":[250],"were:":[251],"value.":[258],"dual-energy":[266],"characteristics":[272],"this":[274],"can":[276],"effectively":[277],"predict":[278],"nodules,":[286],"among":[287],"which":[288],"AEF":[289],"contributes":[290],"most.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}