{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413446624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","title":"AbVLM-Q: intelligent quality assessment for abdominal ultrasound standard planes via vision-language modeling","display_name":"AbVLM-Q: intelligent quality assessment for abdominal ultrasound standard planes via vision-language modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413446624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40849615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110803224","display_name":"Baohua Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166576","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1p5x56","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baohua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011791047","display_name":"Yaqian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5060-1347"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110687881","display_name":"Yanhua Chu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166576","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1p5x56","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhua Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365691","display_name":"Ke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8259-9747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166576","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1p5x56","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090574257","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-1845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107571","display_name":"Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01dspcb60","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107571"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanchang People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanchang People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459340","display_name":"Kexin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-9465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166576","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1p5x56","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kexin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114860764","display_name":"Bowen Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8664-5621"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039561937","display_name":"Dong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-3074"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yizhun Medical AI Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016874780","display_name":"Tianan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-8394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166576","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1p5x56","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. tiananjiang@zju.edu.cn","Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. tiananjiang@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2890},"fwci":3.667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93246024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"344","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.12189999967813492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.12189999967813492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.10499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10552","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection","score":0.10119999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7532969117164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.545027494430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.5086489915847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4525333344936371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4293310046195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3947383165359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.38276761770248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.35839956998825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.21255826950073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17864713072776794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7532969117164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.545027494430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.5086489915847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4525333344936371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4293310046195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3947383165359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.38276761770248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.35839956998825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.21255826950073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17864713072776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000005","descriptor_name":"Abdomen","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000005","descriptor_name":"Abdomen","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40849615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40849615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69fdc2d7a86a4572a60131788a672f7c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69fdc2d7a86a4572a60131788a672f7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11183440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12374393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01885-w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413446624.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413446624.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2140357023","https://openalex.org/W2149473762","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2481746910","https://openalex.org/W2559435482","https://openalex.org/W2804161303","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964132985","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3207559658","https://openalex.org/W4200100850","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4390794566","https://openalex.org/W4392678661","https://openalex.org/W4400362569","https://openalex.org/W4402502792","https://openalex.org/W4403069786","https://openalex.org/W4403853618","https://openalex.org/W4404509535","https://openalex.org/W4405081677","https://openalex.org/W4405595839","https://openalex.org/W6876048176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2351153092","https://openalex.org/W2135477061","https://openalex.org/W2369103431","https://openalex.org/W2364849692","https://openalex.org/W2089240454","https://openalex.org/W2380428609","https://openalex.org/W163999654","https://openalex.org/W2045203490","https://openalex.org/W2371537149","https://openalex.org/W2140538941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Abdominal":[1],"ultrasound":[2,32,47,212,240],"is":[3],"non-invasive":[4],"and":[5,17,58,80,94,116,131,137,158,221],"efficient,":[6],"yet":[7],"acquiring":[8],"standard":[9,33],"planes":[10],"remains":[11],"challenging":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,140],"operator":[15],"dependency":[16],"procedural":[18],"complexity.":[19],"We":[20],"propose":[21],"AbVLM-Q,":[22,65],"a":[23,41,69,84,101,148,207,222],"vision-language":[24,103],"framework":[25],"for":[26,174,210,225],"automated":[27,211],"quality":[28,213,237],"assessment":[29],"of":[30,100],"abdominal":[31,46],"planes.":[34],"METHODS:":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"study,":[38],"we":[39],"assembled":[40],"multi-center":[42],"dataset":[43],"comprising":[44],"7,766":[45],"scans,":[48],"which":[49],"were":[50],"randomly":[51],"divided":[52],"into":[53],"training":[54,223],"(70%),":[55],"validation":[56],"(15%),":[57],"testing":[59],"(15%)":[60],"subsets.":[61],"The":[62,121],"proposed":[63],"method,":[64],"was":[66,106],"developed":[67],"using":[68,108],"three-step":[70],"approach:":[71],"(1)":[72],"hierarchical":[73],"prompting":[74],"that":[75],"incorporates":[76],"spatially":[77],"aware":[78],"querying":[79],"sequential":[81],"reasoning;":[82],"(2)":[83],"quantifiable":[85],"scoring":[86,172],"mechanism":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89],"multi-level":[90],"clinical":[91,234],"penalty":[92],"criteria;":[93],"(3)":[95],"LoRA":[96],"(Low-Rank":[97],"Adaptation)-based":[98],"fine-tuning":[99],"pretrained":[102],"model.":[104],"Performance":[105],"evaluated":[107],"mean":[109,129],"recall,":[110,144],"precision,":[111,133],"label":[112,156],"accuracy,":[113,115,161],"subset":[114,160],"confusion":[117],"matrix":[118,189],"analysis.":[119],"RESULTS:":[120],"system":[122],"achieved":[123],"key":[124],"structure":[125],"detection":[126],"with":[127,184,197,233],"88.90%":[128],"recall":[130,139],"98.10%":[132],"showing":[134],"higher":[135],"precision":[136,146],"comparable":[138],"Faster":[141],"R-CNN":[142],"(89.77%":[143],"88.64%":[145],"at":[147,201],"0.5":[149],"confidence":[150],"threshold).":[151],"Plane":[152],"classification":[153],"yielded":[154],"98.96%":[155],"accuracy":[157,173],"96.28%":[159],"surpassing":[162],"the":[163,175,185],"best":[164],"CNN":[165],"(97.84%,":[166],"94.29%;":[167],"P":[168],"<":[169],"0.05).":[170],"Image":[171],"clinically":[176],"critical":[177],"\"Excellent\"":[178],"grade":[179,202],"(scores":[180],"8-10)":[181],"reached":[182],"85.11%":[183],"best-performing":[186],"backbone.":[187],"Confusion":[188],"analysis":[190,232],"confirmed":[191],"consistent":[192],"performance":[193],"across":[194],"different":[195],"backbones,":[196],"discrepancies":[198],"primarily":[199],"observed":[200],"boundaries.":[203],"CONCLUSIONS:":[204],"AbVLM-Q":[205],"provides":[206],"novel":[208],"method":[209],"assessment,":[214],"functioning":[215],"as":[216],"both":[217],"an":[218],"evaluation":[219],"tool":[220],"platform":[224],"standardized":[226],"scanning.":[227],"It":[228],"bridges":[229],"AI-driven":[230],"imaging":[231],"workflows,":[235],"enhancing":[236],"control":[238],"in":[239],"diagnostics.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
