{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411883256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","title":"Federated learning-based CT liver tumor detection using a teacher\u2012student SANet with semisupervised learning","display_name":"Federated learning-based CT liver tumor detection using a teacher\u2012student SANet with semisupervised learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411883256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40597751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cheng-Shun Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802777525","display_name":"R.O.C Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02xcgb468","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Shun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan","Department of Computer and Information Science, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830251, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, R.O.C. Military Academy, Kaohsiung, 830251, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802777525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045190381","display_name":"Jenn-Jier James Lien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenn-Jier James Lien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012817746","display_name":"Kai Chain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1878-319X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98298690","display_name":"I-Shou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04d7e4m76","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Chain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 84001, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 84001, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98298690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101949954","display_name":"Li-Chun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0009-7183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102636","display_name":"Zuoying Armed Forces General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/017bd5k63","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118607","display_name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/026zpz859","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118607"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64045040","display_name":"Fooyin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03pfmgq50","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64045040"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Chun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Medical Education and Research, Zouying Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 813204, Taiwan. turtle520@mail2000.com.tw","School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, 83102, Taiwan. turtle520@mail2000.com.tw"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Medical Education and Research, Zouying Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 813204, Taiwan. turtle520@mail2000.com.tw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118607","https://openalex.org/I4210102636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, 83102, Taiwan. turtle520@mail2000.com.tw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64045040"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhong-Wei Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108919","display_name":"Foxconn (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v3aym70","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108919"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong-Wei Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foxconn Technology Group, New Taipei, 236040, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foxconn Technology Group, New Taipei, 236040, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":8.7939,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97408658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"250","last_page":"250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.27480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.27480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.1177000030875206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.07050000131130219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7038047909736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39357733726501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.3780035972595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3525765538215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3432983160018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20745673775672913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7038047909736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39357733726501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3780035972595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3525765538215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3432983160018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20745673775672913}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098407","descriptor_name":"Federated Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098407","descriptor_name":"Federated Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098407","descriptor_name":"Federated Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098407","descriptor_name":"Federated Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40597751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40597751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49d8e9d00b874d52964a072ed8ac30eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49d8e9d00b874d52964a072ed8ac30eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12217386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12217386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01761-7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411883256.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411883256.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2499316477","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2912564039","https://openalex.org/W2940322076","https://openalex.org/W2964227007","https://openalex.org/W2971013993","https://openalex.org/W2985287931","https://openalex.org/W2998642388","https://openalex.org/W2999947750","https://openalex.org/W3003790196","https://openalex.org/W3007268491","https://openalex.org/W3007335618","https://openalex.org/W3014795415","https://openalex.org/W3018464563","https://openalex.org/W3033015387","https://openalex.org/W3035406940","https://openalex.org/W3134900589","https://openalex.org/W3171162369","https://openalex.org/W3172507542","https://openalex.org/W3180562345","https://openalex.org/W4206113714","https://openalex.org/W4206906990","https://openalex.org/W4214624153","https://openalex.org/W4224088029","https://openalex.org/W4296639362","https://openalex.org/W4313141028","https://openalex.org/W4392196289","https://openalex.org/W4392902287","https://openalex.org/W4392928543","https://openalex.org/W4393339488","https://openalex.org/W4396776696","https://openalex.org/W4399174654","https://openalex.org/W4400252098","https://openalex.org/W4401692705","https://openalex.org/W4403600907","https://openalex.org/W4403729332","https://openalex.org/W4404552640","https://openalex.org/W4405824199","https://openalex.org/W4406886067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Detecting":[1],"liver":[2,56,127,181],"tumors":[3],"via":[4],"computed":[5],"tomography":[6],"(CT)":[7],"scans":[8],"is":[9],"a":[10,39,116,155,174,211,217],"critical":[11],"but":[12,130],"labor-intensive":[13],"task.":[14],"Extensive":[15],"expert":[16],"annotations":[17],"are":[18],"needed":[19],"to":[20,52,75],"train":[21],"effective":[22],"machine":[23],"learning":[24,35,49,70],"models.":[25,169],"This":[26,119,171],"study":[27,172],"presents":[28,173],"an":[29,42,162],"innovative":[30],"approach":[31],"that":[32,110],"leverages":[33],"federated":[34,194],"in":[36,115,149],"combination":[37],"with":[38,103,204],"teacher\u2012student":[40],"framework,":[41,199],"enhanced":[43],"slice-aware":[44],"network":[45],"(SANet),":[46],"and":[47,65,89,100,152,189,200],"semisupervised":[48,117],"(SSL)":[50],"techniques":[51],"improve":[53],"the":[54,104,112,124,133,165,179,186,196,207],"CT-based":[55,180],"tumor":[57,128,182],"detection":[58,129,183],"process":[59],"while":[60,184],"significantly":[61],"reducing":[62,185],"its":[63],"labor":[64,188],"time":[66,190],"costs.":[67],"METHODS:":[68],"Federated":[69],"enables":[71],"collaborative":[72],"model":[73,106,114,156,212],"training":[74],"be":[76],"performed":[77],"across":[78],"multiple":[79],"institutions":[80],"without":[81],"sharing":[82],"sensitive":[83],"patient":[84],"data,":[85],"thus":[86],"ensuring":[87],"privacy":[88],"security.":[90],"The":[91,140],"teacher-student":[92,197],"SANet":[93,198],"framework":[94],"takes":[95],"advantage":[96],"of":[97,126,158,214],"both":[98],"teacher":[99,105],"student":[101,113],"models,":[102],"providing":[107],"reliable":[108],"pseudolabels":[109],"guide":[111],"manner.":[118],"method":[120,142,176,209],"not":[121],"only":[122],"improves":[123],"accuracy":[125,157,213],"also":[131],"reduces":[132],"dependence":[134],"on":[135],"extensively":[136],"annotated":[137],"datasets.":[138],"RESULTS:":[139],"proposed":[141,208],"was":[143],"validated":[144],"through":[145],"simulation":[146],"experiments":[147],"conducted":[148],"four":[150],"scenarios,":[151],"it":[153],"demonstrated":[154],"83%,":[159,215],"which":[160],"represents":[161],"improvement":[163],"over":[164],"original":[166],"locally":[167],"trained":[168],"CONCLUSIONS:":[170],"promising":[175],"for":[177],"enhancing":[178],"incurred":[187],"costs":[191],"by":[192],"utilizing":[193],"learning,":[195],"SSL":[201],"techniques.":[202],"Compared":[203],"previous":[205],"approaches,":[206],"achieved":[210],"representing":[216],"significant":[218],"improvement.":[219],"TRIAL":[220],"REGISTRATION:":[221],"Not":[222],"applicable.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}