{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410004991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","title":"A deep learning algorithm for automated adrenal gland segmentation on non-contrast CT images","display_name":"A deep learning algorithm for automated adrenal gland segmentation on non-contrast CT images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410004991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40312690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101237692","display_name":"Fanxing Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fanxing Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665425","display_name":"Tuo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-3384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yukun Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukun Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010575466","display_name":"Xiaojing Kan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2197-1714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojing Kan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061772408","display_name":"Yuwei Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2248-2296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135459","display_name":"United Imaging Healthcare (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03qqw3m37","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135459"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwei Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co. Ltd, 701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co. Ltd, 701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101712943","display_name":"Mengyuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-8267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111974287","display_name":"Jin Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068602228","display_name":"Fangbin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-0501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangbin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038444330","display_name":"Yinghui Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133748","display_name":"Zhengzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/041r75465","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghui Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. cjr.geyinghui@zzu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. cjr.geyinghui@zzu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101237692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133748"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":3.3388,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90753903,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"142","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11054","display_name":"Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors","score":0.43720000982284546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11054","display_name":"Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors","score":0.43720000982284546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12421","display_name":"Adrenal Hormones and Disorders","score":0.12710000574588776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11839","display_name":"Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension","score":0.11959999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7369428277015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.6885191202163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6406837105751038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.635638415813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adrenal-gland","display_name":"Adrenal gland","score":0.5554328560829163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-enhancement","display_name":"Contrast enhancement","score":0.4976654350757599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43550971150398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.43238401412963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41317930817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.383122980594635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3231351971626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.21769168972969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.19702544808387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.161808043718338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7369428277015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6885191202163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6406837105751038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.635638415813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780694816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712294","display_name":"Adrenal gland","level":2,"score":0.5554328560829163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018181011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6849688","display_name":"Contrast enhancement","level":3,"score":0.4976654350757599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43550971150398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.43238401412963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41317930817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.383122980594635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3231351971626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21769168972969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.19702544808387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.161808043718338}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000311","descriptor_name":"Adrenal Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40312690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40312690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:10f71d5b8e7148bc8bedcb772ff99407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/10f71d5b8e7148bc8bedcb772ff99407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12046700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12046700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","pdf_url":"https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12880-025-01682-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410004991.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410004991.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040448072","https://openalex.org/W2069816479","https://openalex.org/W2076027519","https://openalex.org/W2418395240","https://openalex.org/W2791593877","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3024355576","https://openalex.org/W3093362149","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3128371416","https://openalex.org/W3177896729","https://openalex.org/W4206126987","https://openalex.org/W4213033923","https://openalex.org/W4220738760","https://openalex.org/W4245699850","https://openalex.org/W4281657614","https://openalex.org/W4291397340","https://openalex.org/W4295425582","https://openalex.org/W4296483168","https://openalex.org/W4312195771","https://openalex.org/W4366292551","https://openalex.org/W4366975505","https://openalex.org/W4377091641","https://openalex.org/W4380730833","https://openalex.org/W4381480684","https://openalex.org/W4384662537","https://openalex.org/W4384818126","https://openalex.org/W4384831819","https://openalex.org/W4385850630","https://openalex.org/W4387674217","https://openalex.org/W4388626302","https://openalex.org/W4390608533","https://openalex.org/W4391117493","https://openalex.org/W4404567081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163751115","https://openalex.org/W2586608483","https://openalex.org/W2988088379","https://openalex.org/W2625093041","https://openalex.org/W2733233723","https://openalex.org/W769135352","https://openalex.org/W4404749149","https://openalex.org/W4408156205","https://openalex.org/W2415838370","https://openalex.org/W3120218437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1,59,83,140,198,223],"adrenal":[2,13,31,51,76,132,137,165,201,212,229,239],"glands":[3,52,133,166,202],"are":[4],"small":[5],"retroperitoneal":[6],"organs,":[7],"few":[8],"reference":[9],"standards":[10],"exist":[11],"for":[12,29,80,157,184],"CT":[14,36,72,147,206],"measurements":[15],"in":[16,49,173],"clinical":[17],"practice.":[18],"This":[19],"study":[20,44,236],"aims":[21],"to":[22,39,118,128,135],"develop":[23],"a":[24,41,66,111,129,234],"deep":[25],"learning":[26],"(DL)":[27],"model":[28,55,60,95,125,142,160,226],"automated":[30,192],"gland":[32,213,230,240],"segmentation":[33,81,159,187,194],"on":[34,45,65,110],"non-contrast":[35,71],"images,":[37],"and":[38,63,93,163,169,172,180,217,232],"conduct":[40],"preliminary":[42],"large-scale":[43,130,199],"age-related":[46,238],"volume":[47,214,241],"changes":[48],"normal":[50,131,200],"using":[53,99],"the":[54,94,100,124,150,153,158,174,208],"output":[56],"values.":[57],"METHODS:":[58],"was":[61,86,97,126],"trained":[62],"evaluated":[64],"development":[67,143],"dataset":[68,134,144,203],"of":[69,74,113,161,237],"annotated":[70],"scans":[73],"bilateral":[75],"glands,":[77],"utilizing":[78],"nnU-Net":[79],"task.":[82],"ground":[84],"truth":[85],"manually":[87],"established":[88],"by":[89],"two":[90],"experienced":[91],"radiologists,":[92],"performance":[96],"assessed":[98],"Dice":[101],"similarity":[102],"coefficient":[103],"(DSC).":[104],"Additionally,":[105],"five":[106],"radiologists":[107],"provided":[108],"annotations":[109],"subset":[112],"20":[114],"randomly":[115],"selected":[116],"cases":[117],"measure":[119],"inter-observer":[120],"variability.":[121],"Following":[122],"validation,":[123],"applied":[127],"segment":[136],"glands.":[138],"RESULTS:":[139],"DL":[141,225],"contained":[145,204],"1301":[146],"examinations.":[148],"In":[149],"test":[151,176],"set,":[152],"median":[154],"DSC":[155,183],"scores":[156],"left":[162],"right":[164],"were":[167,178],"0.899":[168],"0.904":[170],"respectively,":[171],"independent":[175],"set":[177],"0.900":[179],"0.896.":[181],"Inter-observer":[182],"radiologist":[185],"manual":[186],"did":[188],"not":[189],"differ":[190],"from":[191],"machine":[193],"(P":[195],"=":[196],"0.541).":[197],"2000":[205],"examinations,":[207],"graph":[209],"shows":[210],"that":[211],"increases":[215],"first":[216],"then":[218],"decreases":[219],"with":[220],"age.":[221],"CONCLUSION:":[222],"developed":[224],"demonstrates":[227],"accurate":[228],"segmentation,":[231],"enables":[233],"comprehensive":[235],"variations.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}