{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107645027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","title":"Universal adversarial attacks on deep neural networks for medical image classification","display_name":"Universal adversarial attacks on deep neural networks for medical image classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107645027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","mag":"3107645027","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33413181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078094527","display_name":"Hokuto Hirano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hokuto Hirano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046626044","display_name":"Akinori Minagi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akinori Minagi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013426338","display_name":"Kazuhiro Takemoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6355-1366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiro Takemoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan. takemoto@bio.kyutech.ac.jp","Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6355-1366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan. takemoto@bio.kyutech.ac.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013426338"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":2072},"fwci":16.5145,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":153,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99306482,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"9","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8476656675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6880170106887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.6649693846702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6305471658706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5649281740188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5440593957901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5417883992195129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.44280073046684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43907174468040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.43666568398475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4325949251651764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41102567315101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27738696336746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18117162585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11299484968185425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8476656675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6880170106887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.6649693846702576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6305471658706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5649281740188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5440593957901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5417883992195129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44280073046684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43907174468040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.43666568398475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4325949251651764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41102567315101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27738696336746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18117162585258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11299484968185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011014","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33413181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33413181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01216:0004838825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kyutech.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/6887","pdf_url":"https://kyutech.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/6887/files/s12880-020-00530-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9539814e85444e3b8817438d1bbe96a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9539814e85444e3b8817438d1bbe96a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6708054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7792111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kyutech.repo.nii.ac.jp:00006887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10228/00008091","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"VoR"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7792111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7792111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12880-020-00530-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6505649","display_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","issn_l":"1471-2342","issn":["1471-2342"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107645027.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107645027.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2788633781","https://openalex.org/W2795354529","https://openalex.org/W2835378829","https://openalex.org/W2893099989","https://openalex.org/W2894012075","https://openalex.org/W2911290743","https://openalex.org/W2913266441","https://openalex.org/W2924551358","https://openalex.org/W2943671295","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2963003451","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963564844","https://openalex.org/W2963597678","https://openalex.org/W2963638211","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2971626200","https://openalex.org/W2976398475","https://openalex.org/W2976700284","https://openalex.org/W2983044655","https://openalex.org/W2984280703","https://openalex.org/W2995554640","https://openalex.org/W2996564870","https://openalex.org/W3017288306","https://openalex.org/W3033511014","https://openalex.org/W3093647100","https://openalex.org/W3101903411","https://openalex.org/W6752654261","https://openalex.org/W6759580348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950183588","https://openalex.org/W3080754722","https://openalex.org/W4383221314","https://openalex.org/W3093978547","https://openalex.org/W2953536436","https://openalex.org/W3203790781","https://openalex.org/W4313346231","https://openalex.org/W2738001131","https://openalex.org/W4285785480","https://openalex.org/W2997056298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Deep":[1],"neural":[2],"networks":[3],"(DNNs)":[4],"are":[5,124],"widely":[6],"investigated":[7],"in":[8,79,136,207,269],"medical":[9,27,95,273],"image":[10,96],"classification":[11,81,97],"to":[12,22,56,112,126,145,152,176,194,225],"achieve":[13],"automated":[14],"support":[15],"for":[16,169,199,272],"clinical":[17,221],"diagnosis.":[18,42,250],"It":[19],"is":[20,70,192,223,267],"necessary":[21],"evaluate":[23],"the":[24,41,52,113,150,182,216,249],"robustness":[25,204],"of":[26,54,117,228,242,253],"DNN":[28,77,151],"tasks":[29,82,98],"against":[30,205],"adversarial":[31,49,66,189,200,229,254],"attacks,":[32,62],"as":[33,64],"high-stake":[34],"decision-making":[35],"will":[36],"be":[37,195,258],"made":[38],"based":[39],"on":[40,91,181],"Several":[43],"previous":[44,214],"studies":[45],"have":[46],"considered":[47],"simple":[48],"attacks.":[50,173,230],"However,":[51],"vulnerability":[53,111,175],"DNNs":[55,123,271],"more":[57,264],"realistic":[58],"and":[59,105,108,144,171,275],"higher":[60],"risk":[61],"such":[63],"universal":[65],"perturbation":[67,73],"(UAP),":[68],"which":[69,130,148,191],"a":[71,132,157],"single":[72],"that":[74,122,188,219,263],"can":[75,232,247],"induce":[76],"failure":[78,134],"most":[80],"has":[83],"not":[84,257],"been":[85],"evaluated":[86],"yet.":[87],"METHODS:":[88],"We":[89,120],"focus":[90],"three":[92],"representative":[93],"DNN-based":[94,220],"(i.e.,":[99],"skin":[100],"cancer,":[101],"referable":[102],"diabetic":[103],"retinopathy,":[104],"pneumonia":[106],"classifications)":[107],"investigate":[109],"their":[110,276],"seven":[114],"model":[115,183],"architectures":[116],"UAPs.":[118],"RESULTS:":[119],"demonstrate":[121],"vulnerable":[125],"both":[127],"nontargeted":[128,170],"UAPs,":[129,147],"cause":[131,149,233],"task":[133],"resulting":[135],"an":[137,141,154,196],"input":[138,155],"being":[139],"assigned":[140],"incorrect":[142],"class,":[143],"targeted":[146,172],"classify":[153],"into":[156],"specific":[158],"class.":[159],"The":[160,174,251],"almost":[161],"imperceptible":[162],"UAPs":[163,177,206],"achieved":[164],">":[165],"80%":[166],"success":[167],"rates":[168],"depended":[178],"very":[179,209],"little":[180],"architecture.":[184],"Moreover,":[185],"we":[186],"discovered":[187],"retraining,":[190],"known":[193],"effective":[197],"method":[198],"defenses,":[201],"increased":[202],"DNNs'":[203],"only":[208],"few":[210],"cases.":[211],"CONCLUSION:":[212],"Unlike":[213],"assumptions,":[215],"results":[217],"indicate":[218],"diagnosis":[222],"easier":[224],"deceive":[226],"because":[227],"Adversaries":[231],"failed":[234],"diagnoses":[235],"at":[236],"lower":[237],"costs":[238],"(e.g.,":[239],"without":[240],"consideration":[241,266],"data":[243],"distribution);":[244],"moreover,":[245],"they":[246],"affect":[248],"effects":[252],"defenses":[255],"may":[256],"limited.":[259],"Our":[260],"findings":[261],"emphasize":[262],"careful":[265],"required":[268],"developing":[270],"imaging":[274],"practical":[277],"applications.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}