{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161551320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","title":"Prediction of HIV-1 sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies using statistical distribution sampling (SDS) technology","display_name":"Prediction of HIV-1 sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies using statistical distribution sampling (SDS) technology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161551320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42151765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013718561","display_name":"Lily He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-9022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62853816","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lily He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No. 15, Yongyuan Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102616, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No. 15, Yongyuan Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102616, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136372614","display_name":"Kaixin Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62853816","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaixin Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No. 15, Yongyuan Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102616, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No. 15, Yongyuan Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102616, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136405497","display_name":"Youlin Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62853816","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youlin Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No. 15, Yongyuan Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102616, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No. 15, Yongyuan Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102616, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031536465","display_name":"Ke Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5103-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Peter Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Tsinghua University, No. 30, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Tsinghua University, No. 30, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136385456","display_name":"Yuhua Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184490438","display_name":"Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/04wktzw65","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131009","display_name":"National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention,China CDC","ror":"https://ror.org/02xnb4v27","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210131009","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146685","display_name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/04f7g6845","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210146685","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhua Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210131009","https://openalex.org/I4210146685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025823378","display_name":"Dan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2112-0683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184490438","display_name":"Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/04wktzw65","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131009","display_name":"National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention,China CDC","ror":"https://ror.org/02xnb4v27","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210131009","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146685","display_name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/04f7g6845","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210146685","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184490438","https://openalex.org/I4210131009","https://openalex.org/I4210146685"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045788563","display_name":"Cui Hengjian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hengjian Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105, North West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China. hjcui@bnu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105, North West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China. hjcui@bnu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045788563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47464387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.48429998755455017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.48429998755455017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.16030000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.10530000180006027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-distribution","display_name":"Sampling distribution","score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5634999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination","display_name":"Sample size determination","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-discovery-rate","display_name":"False discovery rate","score":0.4138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratified-sampling","display_name":"Stratified sampling","score":0.3725999891757965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167723999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3773214","display_name":"Sampling distribution","level":2,"score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5634999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193244246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432696","display_name":"False discovery rate","level":3,"score":0.4138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102094743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133871","display_name":"Normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780551164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306599","display_name":"Column (typography)","level":3,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98385598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339385","display_name":"Empirical distribution function","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75917345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725298","display_name":"Sampling bias","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52740198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539564","display_name":"Importance sampling","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000080908","descriptor_name":"Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080908","descriptor_name":"Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080908","descriptor_name":"Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080908","descriptor_name":"Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015483","descriptor_name":"HIV Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015483","descriptor_name":"HIV Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015483","descriptor_name":"HIV Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015483","descriptor_name":"HIV Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016008","descriptor_name":"Statistical Distributions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016008","descriptor_name":"Statistical Distributions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016008","descriptor_name":"Statistical Distributions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016008","descriptor_name":"Statistical Distributions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057134","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Neutralizing","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057134","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Neutralizing","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057134","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Neutralizing","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057134","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Neutralizing","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42151765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42151765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13374204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13374204/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13374204/pdf/12859_2026_Article_6459.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65722d28974d4d109b1b2ff4a477b065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65722d28974d4d109b1b2ff4a477b065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 27, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06459-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1497946314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32371002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5139222747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12031016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G531496990","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11471223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310931","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568693476","https://openalex.org/W2024838825","https://openalex.org/W2067107443","https://openalex.org/W2069388608","https://openalex.org/W2092973631","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2336381675","https://openalex.org/W2581575342","https://openalex.org/W2765637090","https://openalex.org/W2768887307","https://openalex.org/W2897595682","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2976332861","https://openalex.org/W2980221965","https://openalex.org/W3002664025","https://openalex.org/W3003228485","https://openalex.org/W3087660146","https://openalex.org/W3129760117","https://openalex.org/W3138945586","https://openalex.org/W3156363049","https://openalex.org/W3160483843","https://openalex.org/W4287447177","https://openalex.org/W4381480910","https://openalex.org/W4387674780","https://openalex.org/W4399970977","https://openalex.org/W4404569766"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"predicting":[1],"HIV-1":[2],"sensitivity":[3,42],"to":[4,26,60,223],"broadly":[5],"neutralizing":[6],"antibodies":[7,110],"(bNAbs)":[8],"is":[9,99,135],"a":[10,82,102,122],"critical":[11],"step":[12],"in":[13,48,67],"advancing":[14],"the":[15,27,76,95,106,128,151,172,176,189,224],"development":[16],"of":[17,153,198],"effective":[18,114],"therapeutic":[19],"and":[20,32,46,64,91,140,219,226],"preventive":[21],"strategies":[22],"against":[23],"HIV-1.":[24],"Due":[25],"virus's":[28],"extraordinary":[29],"genetic":[30],"diversity":[31],"rapid":[33],"mutation":[34],"rate,":[35],"traditional":[36],"experimental":[37],"methods":[38],"for":[39,156],"assessing":[40],"bNAb":[41],"are":[43,111,148,183],"labor-intensive,":[44],"time-consuming,":[45],"limited":[47],"scalability.":[49],"However,":[50],"current":[51],"machine":[52],"learning":[53],"approaches":[54],"prioritize":[55],"feature":[56],"significance":[57],"while":[58,202],"neglecting":[59],"address":[61,71],"class":[62],"imbalance":[63,90],"systematic":[65],"biases":[66],"multi-laboratory":[68],"datasets.":[69],"To":[70],"these":[72],"limitations,":[73],"we":[74],"develop":[75],"Statistical":[77,161],"Distribution":[78,162],"Sampling":[79,129,163,173],"(SDS)":[80,164],"method,":[81],"novel":[83],"statistical":[84],"framework":[85],"that":[86],"systematically":[87],"addresses":[88],"data":[89,146],"cross-institutional":[92],"variance.":[93],"Firstly,":[94],"amino":[96],"acid":[97],"sequence":[98],"converted":[100],"into":[101],"numerical":[103],"vector":[104,132],"via":[105],"k-string":[107],"method.":[108],"Then,":[109],"classified":[112],"as":[113,127],"or":[115],"ineffective":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118],"IC50/IC80":[119],"thresholds,":[120],"with":[121,171,188],"stratified":[123],"random":[124],"subset":[125],"selected":[126],"generator.":[130],"Each":[131],"dimension's":[133],"distribution":[134,152],"characterized":[136],"through":[137,186],"histogram":[138],"analysis":[139],"kernel":[141],"density":[142],"estimation.":[143],"Afterwards,":[144],"500":[145],"points":[147],"sampled":[149],"from":[150],"each":[154,157],"column":[155,167],"category.":[158],"The":[159],"assembled":[160],"matrix":[165],"integrates":[166],"features,":[168],"which":[169],"combined":[170],"generator,":[174],"produces":[175],"final":[177],"training":[178],"dataset.":[179],"Antibody":[180],"efficacy":[181],"predictions":[182],"ultimately":[184],"generated":[185],"integration":[187],"Random":[190],"Forest":[191],"algorithm.":[192],"This":[193],"approach":[194],"enables":[195],"comprehensive":[196],"prediction":[197],"all":[199],"database":[200],"sequences":[201],"achieving":[203],"strong":[204],"predictive":[205],"performance.":[206],"Through":[207],"10":[208,238],"independent":[209],"trials":[210],"per":[211],"antibody,":[212],"our":[213,230],"method":[214,231],"achieved":[215],"statistically":[216],"superior":[217],"AUC":[218],"ACC":[220],"performance":[221],"compared":[222],"LBUM":[225],"SLAPNAP":[227],"benchmarks.":[228],"Moreover,":[229],"demonstrates":[232],"significantly":[233],"lower":[234],"standard":[235],"deviation":[236],"across":[237,247],"runs":[239],"than":[240],"both":[241],"counterparts,":[242],"proving":[243],"its":[244],"consistent":[245],"robustness":[246],"diverse":[248],"antibody":[249],"scenarios.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}