{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7150727739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","title":"pyFLANK, a graph neural network based null distribution inference model for FST outlier detection","display_name":"pyFLANK, a graph neural network based null distribution inference model for FST outlier detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7150727739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41942900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101896988","display_name":"Zhihai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3686-5789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133022559","display_name":"Weijia Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003840756","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Gomes Viana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-9604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135837","display_name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03r10zj06","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao Paulo Gomes Viana","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103745055","display_name":"Ping-Hung Hsieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping-Hung Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133042708","display_name":"Yasuo Yoshikuni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuo Yoshikuni","raw_affiliation_strings":["DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133028940","display_name":"Matthew Hudson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135837","display_name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/03r10zj06","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Hudson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Digital Agriculture, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu","DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu","Department of Bioengineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu","Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Digital Agriculture, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. mhudson@illinois.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133028940"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I4210135837"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33229219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.7753999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.7753999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5925999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5568000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-inference","display_name":"Statistical inference","score":0.3393999934196472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5925999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5568000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95371953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591745","display_name":"DNA microarray","level":4,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098422","descriptor_name":"Graph Neural Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098422","descriptor_name":"Graph Neural Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098422","descriptor_name":"Graph Neural Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015810","descriptor_name":"Linkage Disequilibrium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015810","descriptor_name":"Linkage Disequilibrium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015810","descriptor_name":"Linkage Disequilibrium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023281","descriptor_name":"Genomics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023281","descriptor_name":"Genomics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023281","descriptor_name":"Genomics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41942900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41942900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC bioinformatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:457bbd9fbb2b41a195b00aa129b3e756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/457bbd9fbb2b41a195b00aa129b3e756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics, Vol 27, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13192189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13192189/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12859-026-06430-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19032547","display_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1471-2105","issn":["1471-2105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1079818582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02\u201005CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1117004060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1143651532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286236842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1337544421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G155191036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"https://ror.org/04xm1d337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1891140120","display_name":"MILK INCOME LOSS CONTRACTS; TO MAINTAIN AND EXPAND EXISTING MARKETS FOR DAIRY WHICH ARE VITAL TO THE WELFARE OF MILK PRODUCERS IN THE UNITED STATES","funder_award_id":"46936","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1957999595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2020-67021-32799","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G223002938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02 \u2212 05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G229066533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0018420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2926720356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32799","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3083819904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G419881185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEAC02\u201305CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4233114941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1024178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G42916606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE AC02 05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4501827968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498139845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5448091520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-67021-32799","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5620962805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"67021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6380751991","display_name":"CENTER FOR ADVANCED BIOENERGY AND BIOPRODUCTS INNOVATION","funder_award_id":"DESC0018420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6482703748","display_name":"CENTER FOR ADVANCED BIOENERGY AND BIOPRODUCTS INNOVATION","funder_award_id":"DESC0018420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6652958823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7205239661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316170","funder_display_name":"Joint Genome Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7354628648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7787287669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G834277795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2013AC02\u201305CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316170","funder_display_name":"Joint Genome Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G83646676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE\u2010SC0018420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G876836414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969889393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316170","display_name":"Joint Genome Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xm1d337"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0114b2m14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7150727739.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7150727739.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539118047","https://openalex.org/W1574569943","https://openalex.org/W1927530466","https://openalex.org/W2036507199","https://openalex.org/W2058341483","https://openalex.org/W2062029454","https://openalex.org/W2073969754","https://openalex.org/W2094645048","https://openalex.org/W2103286878","https://openalex.org/W2112799266","https://openalex.org/W2167720932","https://openalex.org/W2171463101","https://openalex.org/W2227589155","https://openalex.org/W2566000296","https://openalex.org/W2794694102","https://openalex.org/W3103481145","https://openalex.org/W3121961893","https://openalex.org/W4224951234","https://openalex.org/W4231311503","https://openalex.org/W4392745434","https://openalex.org/W4407157797","https://openalex.org/W4413976989"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Detecting":[1],"genomic":[2,42],"regions":[3,43],"under":[4,44,49,255],"selection":[5,50],"is":[6,35,275],"essential":[7],"for":[8,157,252,269],"understanding":[9],"how":[10],"populations":[11],"adapt":[12],"to":[13,21,40,59,120,283],"different":[14,219],"environments,":[15],"yet":[16],"it":[17,147],"remains":[18,56],"challenging":[19],"due":[20],"the":[22],"confounding":[23,60],"effects":[24,61],"of":[25,62,144,213],"demographic":[26,64,76],"history":[27],"and":[28,72,88,99,136,215,242,249,280],"linkage":[29,132],"disequilibrium":[30,133],"(LD).":[31],"Fixation":[32],"index":[33],"(FST)":[34],"a":[36,108,124,149,247,278],"widely":[37],"used":[38,233],"statistic":[39],"identify":[41,121],"adaptation.":[45],"However,":[46],"identifying":[47,253],"genes":[48],"by":[51,208,264],"defining":[52],"FST":[53,105,234,261],"outliers":[54,106],"often":[55],"challenging,":[57],"owing":[58],"underlying":[63],"history.":[65],"Traditional":[66],"methods":[67,172],"assume":[68],"independence":[69],"among":[70],"loci":[71,122,188,199,254],"rely":[73],"on":[74],"simple":[75],"models,":[77],"while":[78,173,237],"newer":[79],"models":[80],"perform":[81],"much":[82],"better":[83,184],"but":[84],"are":[85],"computationally":[86],"expensive":[87],"not":[89,206],"easily":[90],"scalable.":[91],"RESULTS:":[92],"Here,":[93],"we":[94],"present":[95],"pyFLANK,":[96],"an":[97],"open-source":[98],"automated":[100],"Python":[101],"implementation":[102],"which":[103],"detects":[104],"using":[107],"null":[109,125,152,182,270],"distribution":[110],"inferred":[111],"from":[112,189,218],"quasi-independent":[113,145],"loci.":[114],"Our":[115],"tool":[116,251],"integrates":[117],"three":[118],"approaches":[119],"obeying":[123],"distribution:":[126],"graph":[127],"neural":[128],"network":[129],"(GNN)":[130],"inference,":[131,135],"(LD)-based":[134],"user-defined":[137],"input.":[138,160],"Because":[139],"pyFLANK":[140,164,223],"uses":[141],"GNN-based":[142,193],"inference":[143],"loci,":[146],"yields":[148],"more":[150],"accurate":[151],"model":[153,183,271],"with":[154,201,230],"less":[155],"need":[156],"user":[158],"parameter":[159],"In":[161],"simulation":[162,214],"experiments,":[163],"achieved":[165],"lower":[166,225],"false":[167,226],"positive":[168,227],"rates":[169,228],"than":[170],"current":[171],"maintaining":[174,238],"comparable":[175,239],"detection":[176,240],"power,":[177],"indicating":[178],"that":[179,204,222],"its":[180],"refined":[181],"distinguishes":[185],"true":[186],"adaptive":[187],"background":[190],"variation.":[191],"The":[192,273],"model,":[194],"in":[195],"particular,":[196],"detected":[197],"additional":[198],"associated":[200],"phenotypic":[202],"variance":[203],"were":[205],"identified":[207],"existing":[209,260,284],"methods.":[210],"CONCLUSIONS:":[211],"Assessments":[212],"real":[216],"data":[217],"species":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"achieves":[224],"compared":[229],"other":[231],"commonly":[232],"outlier":[235,262],"detectors,":[236],"power":[241],"excellent":[243],"computational":[244],"performance,":[245],"providing":[246],"robust":[248],"user-friendly":[250],"divergent":[256],"selection.":[257],"It":[258],"extends":[259],"frameworks":[263],"incorporating":[265],"explicit":[266],"LD-aware":[267],"strategies":[268],"calibration.":[272],"method":[274],"intended":[276],"as":[277],"practical":[279],"scalable":[281],"complement":[282],"genome":[285],"scan":[286],"approaches.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-16T07:02:28.622633","created_date":"2026-04-07T00:00:00"}